Review Slides for 1648 – 1815 Era Includes Art Movements AP European History Review Slides for 1648 – 1815 Era Includes Art Movements

Key Concept 2.1 The relatinoship between the state and the individuals they governed changed during this time period. What changed politically between 1648 and 1815? How? Why? Impact? Explain how political changes impacted individuals? Women? Commoners? The clergy? What rights did people earn? Not earn? In 1648 Europe politically…. by 1815… this change was due to…. What remained the same? Key Concept 2.2 The growth of commerce led to a growth in the European economy. What new market economy practices developed in Europe? 2.2.I How did the new European commerce contribute to the internal economy of Europe? 2.2.II How and why did European maritime commerce lead to conflicts? 2.2.III Key Concept 2.3 How did intellectual movements lead to the growth of a secular culture in Europe? What characteristics were promoted by the Enlightenment movement and what characteristics did they challenge? 2.3.I Where was the Enlightenment practiced? Lived? Visible? 2.3.II What ideas were challenged by the Enlightenment? 2.3.III and IV How did the arts and literature reflect political, social, cultural and intellectual trends of the times? Key Concept 2.4 How did population, the environmental, medical and technological changes impact daily lives? Who prospered because of what in this era? Who fell into poverty because of what in this era? How did gender and family life change in this era and why?

Industrialization begins in Britain Population growth that had begun in the 1500s continues, intensifying 1700s – 1730s Industrialization begins in Britain Enlightenment , an intellectual movement 1648 1750 1815 Age of Absolutism… exceptions? till when? Age of Enlightened Monarchs … till when? French Revolution Rule of Napoleon Balance of power – achieved? Challenged? War of Spanish Succession War of Austrian Succession Seven years War (French & Indian War) Napoleonic Wars End of English Civil War English Bill of Rights Trans-Atlantic trade continues slave trade peaks Dutch ships control much of trade until naval wars British East India Company in India, Dutch East India Co. in S.E. Asia Java, Indonesia Comercial Rev. leds to a market economy Cottage industry, putting-out system Mercantilism - Colbert Capitalism Late marriages keeps birth rates low, but pop. keeps increasing Child mortality reduced = children count in middle class families Print culture already there from Renaissance, Reformation Print culture expands with Enlightenment, newspapers salons, coffeehouses, Masonic lodges Art: Baroque Spain, the Netherlands Neoclassicism Romanticism Enlightenment, citizenship Rousseau, emotions Methodists in England

Between 1648 and 1750 Baroque The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good. Until about 1750, Baroque art and music promoted religious feeling and was employed by monarchs to glorify state power. This was especially the case in France, Italy and Flanders, which were all Catholic states. See Unit 1 Art Review Slides. Artistic movements and literature also reflected the outlook and values of commercial and bourgeois society as well as new Enlightenment ideals of political power and citizenship. Rembrandt’s The Masters of the Cloth Guild (Dutch, 1606-1669) Reflecting the Dutch Golden Era, this paining was commissioned for the guild of “clothiers” in Amsterdam. These men are the prosperous leaders of the guild. After the Netherlands gained their independence from Spain, the bourgeoisie came to rule the government of this new Republic. The birth of this independent capitalist society is often cited in relation to the sudden explosion of art because of an abundance of money in this new urban society. Much of the Dutch art of this era reflects the experiences and aspirations of middle class urban elites.

Neoclassicism 1780 - 1820 French Neoclassicism replaced French Rococo art of the early 18th century. While Rococo reflected the carefree, playful life of the aristocracy, Neoclassical art which sought to education the public about revolutionary ideals. Neoclassical art reflected order resulting from the reason and logic of the Age of Enlightenment. It highlighted the heroism and civic virtues of the Greek and Roman era. Founded by the French painter, Jacques-Louis David, art now became politically correct as it used classical history and mythology to inspire the values of the new French republic born out of the French Revolution. David was a friend of Robespierre and voted to guillotine King Louis XVI. His art was propaganda for the republic. When Robespierre was guillotined, David went to jail but was able to adapt his art and became head of Napoleon’s art program. David, The Death of Marat, 1784. A close friend of David, Marat was a radical revolutionary stabbed to death by a counterrevolutionary. David portrays him like a saint in a pose similar to Christ. Marat is seen as a martyr. David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784. The background includes Roman arches and columns. The three brothers swore to defeat their enemies or die for Rome illustrating the new mood of self-sacrifice

Neoclassicism Art as Propaganda David, The Coronation of Napoleon, 1807 David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801-1805

Romanticism 1800 - 1850 Romanticism was a reaction against the Neoclassical period’s Age of Reason. Artists chose intuition and emotions over rational objectivity. They were inspired by Gothic tales of the medieval era. Another feature of Romanticism was their worship of nature. Landscape paintings showed man and nature touched by the supernatural. It broke with neoclassical forms of artistic representation and with rationalism, placing more emphasis on intuition and emotion. Romantic artists broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature, individuality intuition, the supernatural and national histories. Francisco Goya’s The Third of May, 1808. Goya was a Spanish artist who opposed tyranny. This painting is a protest of the brutality of war by Napoleon’s troops as a firing squad execute Spanish civilians. The victims are scene as martyrs and the firing squad remains faceless.