Qing Dynasty 清朝 (1644-1911) “Henry” Pu Yi Emperor Shun Zhi the 1st Emperor of Qing Dynasty after Mancus conquered China “Henry” Pu Yi Last Emperor of China and Qing Dynasty

China and the New Imperialism 5 China and the New Imperialism What trade rights did westerners seek in China? And how did they go about getting them? What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to resolve? How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?

Emperor Qianlong Empress Dowager Cixi 1736-1795 1835-1908

“As Your Ambassador can see for himself we possess all things “As Your Ambassador can see for himself we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.” - Emperor Qianlong to Lord George Macartney 1792 (on a British mission for trade and commerce with China)

The Opium Wars 1839-1842 1856-1860

The Impact of Opium Two million Chinese were addicted by 1840s. Euphoria Emotional detachment Absence of pain and stress Altered mood and mental processes Sleepiness Vomiting Loss of appetite Itchy skin Increased urination Sweating Inability to concentrate Impaired vision Death Two million Chinese were addicted by 1840s. By the end of the 19th century, 27% of China’s population was addicted to opium. A quarter of the population!

Lin Zexu – the Confucian official Great integrity and honesty Given the job of crushing the opium trade Destroyed 20,000 crates Outraged European traders

Commissioner Lin Sent a “memorial” or letter to Queen Victoria She did not receive it, but it was published in The Times He underestimated the military strength of the British Today he is a Chinese national hero for resisting European imperialism

barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is “Therefore, the new regulations, in regard to those barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation”

How did the British react? What did the Chinese do? 1839 crackdown on opium trade British traders forced to handover opium chests How did the British react? British send in the Imperial Navy

What do you notice about this picture? What about the warships? First Opium War What do you notice about this picture? What about the warships?

Treaty of Nanjing 1842 Chinese: forced to open 5 coastal ports pay for the war liberalize trade cede island of Hong Kong consider British subjects outside of Chinese law

Humiliating defeat of Qing Second Opium War 1856-58 Humiliating defeat of Qing

Second Opium War – details: Chinese sailors arrested on Hong Kong ship - The Arrow British said this contravened the Treaty of Nanjing - extraterritoriality The French joined the British - demanded legal opium trade Humiliating defeat of Qing – despite outnumbering the British and French 10 to 1 Destruction of the Summer Palace

Treaty Tientsin - 1858 10 new ports opened foreign embassies open in Beijing freedom of religion guaranteed foreign ships could freely navigate Yangtze River opium legalized ceded Kowloon to Britain

Consequences of the Opium Wars showed weakness of Qing Dynasty forced Qing to establish diplomatic relations with European powers as equals opened China to foreign influence - trade gave freedom to missionaries to spread Christianity

Unequal Treaties 1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese 2. Open several ports to British trade 3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong 4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

1899 French magazine

What were the causes of the Opium War? What were the results?

Reform Efforts 5 In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China. The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it. After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform. Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

The Kingdom of Heavenly Peace The Taiping Rebellion1850-1865 Hong Xiuquan The Kingdom of Heavenly Peace

Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. 5 Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants. An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

Taiping Rebellion Leader: Hong Xiuchuan He declared himself a brother of Jesus or a Chinese Jesus Thinks that God gave him a sign that he should build heaven on earth Peasants were sick of the Qing 1. They thought that the Qing had lost the mandate of heaven 2. The Qing were foreigners and not Chinese.

Some of the Causes of Unrest in China Rapid population growth (why was this a problem?) Heavy taxes imposed (who mainly had to pay these taxes?) Foreign presence in ports and cities eg Christian missionaries, foreign schools, foreign publications Failure of Imperial Government to respond to the peoples’ needs Corruption for exams that allowed for promotion of citizens in society Are there any connections in the list above, to the Opium Wars?

What happened? started at the south of the country Took Nanjing in 1853 Land were to be divded up Equality of women Foreign nations hoped to continue the trading, so they sent troops to put down the rebellion Qing dynasty realized that they were too weak to put down even a small rebellion

The Ever-Victorious Army This was the Imperial army led by western soldiers The Ever Victorious Army attacks and defeats the Heavenly Army

What were the EFFECTS of this conflict? HONG’s 100,000 soldiers commit suicide when they are defeated in Nanjing 20,000,000 dead, mainly (Han Chinese) civilians It is considered one of the deadliest military conflicts in history

Cixi was the concubine of Emperor Xianfeng When the Emperor died in 1861… After the Taiping Rebellion…. Empress Dowager Cixi

Cixi gained power…. Cixi was the mother of the new Emperor Emperor Tongzhi was only 5 years old she was “power behind the curtain” brilliant manipulator and ruthless alliance with Chinese military overthrew the government executed 3 government ministers

Successes she was willing to work with anyone to maintain her power, eg appointed Han Chinese to key positions she formed an alliance with the British and French to defeat the Taiping Rebellion established first university in Beijing

Failures would not share power distrusted foreigners stopped study abroad program for Chinese students

Wasted money served 150 different dishes at a single banquet drank from a jade cup and ate with golden chopsticks Navy funds used to build herself a lavish Summer Palace her personal jewellery vault held 3,000 ebony boxes of jewels

The marble boat at the Summer Palace

Emperor Tongzhi grows up Her son, Tongzhi, by the age of 15 was drinking heavily and visiting prostitutes. But he died young of smallpox in 1875 (18 yrs old)

Cixi has all power again!

Who will be the new Emperor? Emperor Tongzhi had no children Cixi selects her nephew, son of her sister Emperor Guangxu He’s only 4 years old! (involved in the 100 Day Reform…) 25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908

Weakness fully exposed Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 Chinese navy destroyed Taiwan ceded to Japan large indemnity most-favored-nation more treaty ports Korea start of Japanese empire

Sino-Japanese War 1894-95

Surrender of Chinese to Japanese 1895

But the new Emperor grows up... Japanese victory shows China’s weakness Emperor Guangxu favours reform He’s influenced by young Confucian scholars The Scholar Advisor Kang Youwei says – let’s follow Japan’s example

100 Days of Reform modernize the traditional exam system study math and science instead of Confucian texts constitutional monarchy with democracy. capitalism to strengthen the economy rapidly industrialize all of China

Too radical for CiXi Emperor is put under house arrest 8 reformers executed Scholar Kang flees to Japan Emperor Guangxu dies 1908

Who will be the new Emperor? Puyi

Boxer Rebellion 1900 The Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists Attack foreigners, missionaries, and Chinese Christians. Group backed up by Empress Cixi. Weakened dynasty Other countries took advantage of China US ask for China to be treated as an independent country. “Open door” policy

8-nation forces invaded Beijing Harsh settlement station troops in Beijing huge indemnity Russian troops in Manchuria until 1905

5 Section 5 Assessment Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade. What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

5 Section 5 Assessment Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade. What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Western invasions (1839-1900) Opium War (1839 - 1842) The Second Opium War (1856 - 1860) Russia’s territorial gains Northeast China (1858 - 1860) Northwest China (1881 - 1884) Sino-French War (1883 - 1885) Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 95) 8-nation forces (1900)

The scramble for concessions

Fall of the Qing Dynasty 5 As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China. In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos. In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled. Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese. However, the new republic had to deal with corruption, Communists, Warlords, and Japan – result Civil War to 1949 

Question 7 (In Groups): Compare and contrast, using a Venn-diagram, the effects or impact of imperialism on China and the Ottoman Empire.