Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 1: Understanding Pre-History Main Idea #1: Prehistory is history prior to the use of writing Main Idea #2: Anthropology is the study of culture Main Idea #3: Earliest human remains were found in Africa

Artifact Activity Mr. Wescott’s 5 Favorites… Section 1; Understanding Our Past starts with prehistory (history prior to the use of writing (writing started 5,000 years ago) Studying the Historical Past is performed by historians (scholars who study and write about the past) who use and look at artifacts ( clothing, coins, artwork, and especially written records); Historians try to be objective, but that does not always happen Artifact Activity Step 1: Pick 5 favorite tv shows or movies. Step 2: Write down 1 artifact from each show or movie. Mr. Wescott’s 5 Favorites… TV: Bones Artifact Example: TV: The Big Bang Theory Artifact Example: TV: CSI Miami Artifact Example: TV :The X Factor Artifact Example: TV: Jeopardy Artifact Example:

Investigating Prehistory started about 150 years ago, and is called anthropology Anthropology is the study of culture (way of life for a society), and most anthropologists specialize in certain areas of their field Archaeology is a specialized type of anthropology focusing on material remains Archaeologists at Work involves a site map, working with other specialists (botanists and zoologists), and using technology to learn about the past Anthropology & Archaeology Activity Create 2 circles One inside the other Place Anthropology & Archaeology in the right circle. Be able to defend your decision. Anthropology ____________ Archaeology ___________ Write 2 examples of Anthropology Write 2 examples of Archaeology

Discoveries in Africa and Beyond were the first key discoveries looking at prehistory beginning with footsteps, tools, and bones of early humans Ancient Clues Found in East Africa were in Tanzania (Olduvai Gorge) where tools and a skull of a hominid dating back 1.7 to 2.1 million years ago were discovered by Mary and Louis Leakey Donald Johnson found a hominid skeleton (named the skeleton Lucy, and she was estimated to be around 4 feet tall) in Ethiopia dating back to 3 million year ago Is this Anthropology? A: YES Is this Archeology? What is the cartoonist inferring? A: The work environment of most white collar jobs in the U.S. feel more like prisons than a job.

Early Humans Activity… Evidence of Early Hominid Groups started in Africa and then migrated to Europe and Asia: Earliest groups began 7 million years ago and were called “australopithecines,” then 2 million years ago “Homo habilis” (handy man) and “Homo erectus” (upright man) began populating the earth Homo erectus was the first to control fire, use a hand ax, and migrate First Finds of Humans Around the World occurred around 250,000 to 100,000 year ago when Homo erectus disappeared and Homo sapiens appeared Homo sapiens would then split into two groups: Neanderthals (died off) and modern humans Australopithecines 7 Million YAG Homo Sapiens 250,000 YAG What early human group are the Croods a part of? Homo Erectus 2 Million YAG What early human group is Guy a part of? Modern Humans Early Humans Activity… Homo Habilis 2 Million YAG & Neanderthals I want you to create a timeline including all 5 early human groups.

Main Idea #1: Prehistory is… Main Idea #2: Anthropology is… Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 1: Understanding Pre-History *You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 1; Section 1. Main Idea #1: Prehistory is… Main Idea #2: Anthropology is… Main Idea #3: Earliest human remains…

Main Idea #2: Neolithic Revolution =New Stone Age & Farming Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 2:Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Main Idea #1: “Old Stone Age” & “New Stone Age” divides Prehistory into 2 parts Main Idea #2: Neolithic Revolution =New Stone Age & Farming Main Idea #3: Old Stone Age = nomads Main Idea #4: New Stone Age = sedentary

Section 2; Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution is the dividing point scholars use to break up prehistory into two parts Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period, which was 2 million to 10,000 BCE New Stone Age or the Neolithic Period, which was 10,000 BCE to the end of Prehistory Skills and Beliefs of the Old Stone Age saw modern humans (nomads, and in groups of 20-30 people) come onto the scene toward the end of the Old Stone Age Humans Develop Strategies for Survival dealing with using their environment for food and shelter, created and crafted tools from stone, and even learned to travel across water (there has been evidence which shows travel from Asia to Australia) The New Stone Age / Neolithic Revolution Begins With Farming (10,000 BCE) The Neolithic Revolution explains the major changes culture went through as people became sedentary (Ex’s: domestication of animals and plants, new technologies) People Domesticate Plants (10,000 – 6,000 BCE) - Millet and rice in China; Yams in W. Africa and SE Asia; Squash in Mexico; Barley, chickpeas, peas, lentils, and wheat in the Middle East People Domesticated Animals – Dogs (15,000 years ago); Goats, cattle, pigs, sheep (8,000 – 6,000 BCE in Asia and N. Africa); Llamas, alpacas (10,000 – 6,000 BCE in S. America)

The Neolithic Revolution Brings Dramatic Change with the emergence of cities and civilizations Early Villages Established, such as Catalhuyuk and Jericho, had a few thousand people in them and they were the size of a small town by today’s standards Settled People Change Their Ways of Life as labor was divided up by gender and age, and men began to dominate family, economic, and political life Villagers Invent New Technologies such as the creation of a calendar, use of oxen or water buffalo, creation of cloth, and pottery for cooking Archaeologists learned a lot from “Iceman” found in the European Alps With a partner, create the following for the New Stone Age or the Old Stone Age Is your stone age OLD or NEW? What is the name of your Stone Age culture? What are your stone age’s living conditions? What animals would you domesticate & WHY? What would an average day look like for MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN? What would your religion be based off of?

Neolithic Revolution Activity… Pick 3 aspects the Neolithic Revolution is represented in the poster. 1. Farming 2. Sedentary / Villages 3. Domesticated Animals

Main Idea #1: “Old Stone Age” & “New Stone Age”… Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 2:Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution *You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 1; Section 2. Main Idea #1: “Old Stone Age” & “New Stone Age”… Main Idea #2: Neolithic Revolution = Main Idea #3: Old Stone Age = Main Idea #4: New Stone Age begins =

Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 3: Beginnings of Civilization Main Idea #1: First civilizations were located near river valleys Main Idea #2: Basic Features That Define Civilization 1. Organized Government, 2. Complex Religions, 3. Job Specialization, 4. Social Classes, 5. Arts and Architecture, 6. Public Works 7. Writing

Section3; Beginnings of Civilization was the next step with the existence of small towns and villages (Ex’s: Catalhuyuk and Jericho) First Cities and Civilizations Arise around river valleys as the river allowed life to expand rapidly through farming (provided rich soil and irrigation) River Valley Civilizations were complex, and had a highly organized social order (All between 3000 and 2000 BCE, roughly) Egypt on the Nile River Indus on the Indus River Shang China on the Yellow River Sumer between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers First Civilizations in the Americas (Inca, Olmec, and Maya) were different as they developed away from river valleys and were on highlands of Peru, Mexico, and Central America

River Valley Civilizations Activity… Locate the river Valleys on the Map

Basic Features That Define Civilization: 1. Organized Government, 2 Basic Features That Define Civilization: 1. Organized Government, 2. Complex Religions, 3. Job Specialization, 4. Social Classes, 5. Arts and Architecture, 6. Public Works, and 7. Writing Organized Governments were usually run by a council of elders or a chief, but in the bigger cities government coordinated farming efforts, large scale public works, collected taxes, organizing a system of defense, and controlled religion Complex Religions practiced polytheism and gods lived in the world around them (Sun god, river god, gods in animals), religious temples were built, and created dances, prayers, and hymns for religious purposes Job Specialization occurred as new technologies and products were developed (artisans); Metal work was one of the most important (copper and bronze) Color, Symbol, Slogan for Organized Gov., Complex Religions, Job Specialization aspects of an early civilization

Social Classes emerged from job specialization (Priests, Nobles, Merchants, Artisans, Peasant Farmers) Arts and Architecture expressed the talents, beliefs, and values of the people (used to strengthen the government or religion) Public Works were built for protection, farming, and enhancing the reputation of the ruler (Ex’s: irrigation systems, roads, bridges, and defensive walls) Writing was developed in different places at different times, differing in appearance, structure, purpose, and was used by a small percentage of the upper class (religion and government); started out as pictographs (picture represented that same object) and developed into more of a phonics based style (picture represented a sound, syllables, letters) Color, Symbol, Slogan for Social Classes, Arts & Architecture, Public Works, and Writing aspects of an early civilization

Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization Section 3: Beginnings of Civilization *You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 1; Section 3. Main Idea #1: First civilizations were located near river valleys Main Idea #2: Basic Features That Define Civilization 1. Organized…. 2. Complex… 3. ____________ Specialization 4. ____________Classes 5. __________ & ______________ 6. Public…. 7. ________________