Intergovernmental Transfers: Theory and Practice Roy Bahl Dean, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Georgia State University The World Bank May 8-10, 2006 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Basic Approaches To Decentralization Revenue-Sharing Model (Weak Decentralization) Grants Shared Taxes “Minor” Local Taxes Revenue Assignment Model (Strong Decentralization) Significant Local Taxes (Autonomy) Loans User Charges 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Intergovernmental Transfers Rule’s (Cont’d) 8. Grants and shared taxes must play an important role in almost any decentralized fiscal system in a developing or transition country. Transfers may be designed as more centralized or more decentralized. 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

How Can Intergovernmental Transfers be Decentralizing? Revenue Adequacy Certainty Unconditional 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

How Can Intergovernmental Transfers be Centralizing No transparency in vertical sharing Ad hoc distributions Uncertainty and year-to-year changes Strict Conditions 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Justifications for Intergovernmental Transfers Close the “fiscal gap” Equalize fiscal capacity and need Adjust for spillovers Political reasons 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Equalizing Fiscal Capacity What Do We Equalize? Revenue Capacity Expenditure Needs Needs-Capacity Gap 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Calculating a Needs-Resource Gap: The Needs Needs-resources gap (G) might be defined more precisely as (1) where where = the amount of expenditure needed to provide a minimum acceptable level of (assigned) services in local government i. =the revenue that would be raised from own sources at “normal” effort in local government i. The vertical share (VS) is equal to VS = (2) Where α is the percent of the needs-resources gap that the central government proposes to cover with the transfer, and CR is the total amount of revenue (or tax revenue) raised by the central (or state) government. 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Adjusting for Spillovers Importance of spillovers Alternatives to transfers Getting public sector “prices” right Varying price with capacity 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

How To Design A Grant System 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

How Should The Grant System Be Structured? Alternative Form of Intergovernmental Grant Programs Method of determining the total divisible pool Method of allocating The divisible pool Among eligible units Specified share of National or state Government tax Ad Hoc Decision Reimbursement Approved Expenditures Origin of collection of tax A NA Formula B F Total or partial reimbursement of costs C G K Ad Hoc D H 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Natural Resource Revenue Sharing: The Case for More Centralization The Stability Argument The Disparities Argument The Local Capacity Argument The National Treasure Argument 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Natural Resource Revenue Sharing: The Case for More Decentralization The Cost Reimbursement Argument The Heritage Argument The Conflict Resolution Argument 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Intergovernmental Grants: How Not To Do It! Deficit Grants Complicated Formulae No Transparency No Continuity Base It On The Amount Spent No Evaluation 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers

Intergovernmental Grant Lessons Desired outcomes should drive design One grant/transfer instrument cannot accomplish multiple objectives. Expect changes in formula over time Is “distributable pool” a discretionary element in the central budget or an entitlement of local government? 12/7/2018 Intergovernmental Transfers