Bacteria classification and characteristics By: Chelsea Sam and Chip 

Overview The two different kingdoms of bacteria Classifying bacteria Gram staining

Two Kingdoms of Bacteria SV Microorganisms are placed under two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Look similar in way of appearance and shape Two kingdoms are chemically different  

Eubacteria                                    SV  Can live almost anywhere: land, fresh water, salt water, within the human body Surrounded by cell wall that gives shape and provides protection from injury Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)

Archaebacteria SV Usually live in very harsh environments Cell walls contain pseudomurein and many lipids DNA sequences of key genes compare more closely to those of Eukaryotes than those of eubacteria (may be ancestors of eukaryotes)

Venn Diagram SV Both: No nuclei Very small Contain cell walls Eubacteria: Can live almost anywhere Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)  Cell wall meant mainly for protection from injury and to provide shape   Archaebacteria: Live in harsh environments Cell walls contain pseudomurein and lipids DNA Sequences more similar to Eukaryotes Both: No nuclei Very small Contain cell walls

Classifying Prokaryotes SV Shape: bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical-shaped), and Spirilla (spiral and cork-screw-shaped) Cell Wall: thick, peptidoglycan cell walls and thin cell walls surrounded by an outer lipid layer Movement: no movement, movement with flagella, and movement by snaking, lashing, or spiraling forward Energy Obtaining: Phototrophs and Chemotrophs

Chelsea Three shapes of Bacteria Cocci are round shaped, and differentiate based on division process. Bacillus are rod-like structures, frequently occurring in chains Spirillum have a rigid, spiral structure, often found in calmed water

Chelsea Bacteria Movement Swim around using flagella  Glide using thick coats of slime Use rigid spikes to attach to surfaces Use magnetic fields to determine whether they are swimming up or down

Chelsea Eubacteria Cell wall: a rigid layer of carbohydrates outside of the plasma membrane of cells Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Peptidoglycan: made of sugars and amino acids that form the cell wall. Ribosome: Build and synthesize protein.

Chelsea Eubacteria Flagellum: a threadlike structure that allows bacteria to swim. DNA: carrier of genetic information. Pili: Hair-like structures found on the outside of bacteria

Gram Staining -Helps to differentiate large groups of bacteria -Gram stain procedure distinguishes between gram positive and negative groups of bacteria -Stains cells red/pink or violet based on the thickness of peptidoglycan in cell walls

How it's done Cells are stained with crystal violet indicator  If indicator stains through membrane cells are stained red  Gram positive are stained purple if indicator doesn’t stain through membrane

Positive Gram Staining  means peptidoglycan layer in cell membrane is thick bacteria is stained purple color is unable to show through because of peptidoglycan layer shows that bacteria cells are different 

Negative Gram Staining means that peptidoglycan is thinner indicator shows through bacteria is stained red/pink  helps identify bacteria that are different

Sam ABC's What are the names of the Bacteria Kingdoms? A Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes B Eubacteria and Archaebacteria C Phototrophs and Autotrophs D Bacilli and Spirilla B

Sam ABC's What are the following is NOT a criteria factor for classifying prokaryotes? A Movement B Cell Wall C Size D Shape C

B Chelsea ABC's Which one is NOT a shape of bacteria? A. Cocci B. Square  C. Bacillus D. Spirillum B

Chelsea ABC's When bacteria swim around, which part of the body do they use? A. Flagella B. Ribosome C. Cell Wall D. Peptidoglycan  A

Chip ABC's True or false: Gram positive means that cell are stained red A. True B. False F

Chip ABC's What substance is penetrated in the cell membrane when gram staining A. phospholipid bilayer B. cytoplasm C. peptidoglycan layer D. Mantle layer C

Overview What the two kingdoms of bacteria are How bacteria are classified What gram staining is