Struggle for Liberty Chapter 4

Continental Army *young soldiers: no experience * Commander in Chief: George Washington *young soldiers: no experience *Continental Congress asked states to pay soldiers because the “country” had no money Students write this slide--write what is underlined on all slides. Not the rest--they highlight the people and events in their vocab list.

Articles of Confederation: creating a new gov. First constitution of the new nation Written in 1777, and not approved by all the states until Maryland finally approved it in 1781. The states feared a strong central government, so the Articles of Confederation created a very weak central government. The central or national government could not even tax the states to raise money for the war! All the states except Maryland approved it by 1779. Why did the states fear a strong national gov? Fear of too much power --what they are fighting against!

Continental Army British Army Strengths -fought for a cause -help from Spain and France -knew the land (guerilla warfare) Weaknesses -Untrained soldiers -low on supplies and ammunition -small Navy -Well trained, experienced soldiers -large Navy -lots of supplies and money -fighting across an Ocean away from home -used mercenaries (Hessians) -little knowledge of land Look back at your notes and see what of these you have...add the rest (Brady covered this already for the most part) Brady: add mercenaries called Hessians that fought with the British...explain mercenaries

Who else served? * Washington eventually allowed free African Americans to serve / British promised freedom to any slave who fought with them *women did jobs such as: ran farms and businesses, raised money for supplies, made clothes for soldiers, were nurses, even spies James Armistead...Abigail Adams (remember the ladies)...Mercy Otis Warren...Wentworth Cheswell was part African American and free

Representing the slaves and women: James Armistead: African American slave who was a spy for the Continental Army (Double Agent) pretended to fight for the British and gave the Continental Army information about the British troops.

Women- Mercy Otis Warren: Wrote plays and stories about the revolution-- became a history of the time Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams-- through letters to her husband, influenced his thoughts and actions about the war and the new government.

Art of the times: most paintings were portraits or formal paintings of people. Unfinished portrait of George Washington. They did not have photography! Emphasize since this is a test question, but don’t have them write it.

Battle of Saratoga, New York Saratoga Short (6:09) *known as the “turning point” of the Revolutionary War *American victory that proved they were capable of standing against the British *France and Spain (Britain’s biggest enemies) both offered to ally with America

Saratoga

French Help *Marquis de Lafayette brought his ship and trained soldiers to help and fought with the Continental Army in 7 battles. *Ben Franklin was ambassador to France and convinced the king of France to send supplies, ammunition, troops, and money *Haym Salomon was a Jewish banker who helped secure French money for the Continental Army Don’t need to write---highlight these men on the Vocabulary sheet

Spanish Help *Bernardo de Galvez was the governor of Spanish Louisiana, *he helped by fighting the British that were stationed in the southern parts of the colonies, keeping the British ships from entering the Mississippi River, and supplying beef for the Continental Army from the ranches in Spanish Texas. Galveston, Texas was named after Galvez. Again, find him in your notes and highlight.

Valley Forge ASOU video *December 1777 Washington & the Continental Army camped north of Philadelphia for the winter *army was low on food & clothing, some without shoes or coats, weather was freezing *almost 2,000 soldiers died from disease and starvation *Washington read parts of “The Crisis” by Thomas Paine to encourage the soldiers to stay the course and keep fighting

Valley Forge: Famous painting of Washington riding through the troops at Valley Forge. Have students find the following: snow, flag of the US with the 13 states, Continental Army uniforms. next: Washington praying in the woods alone...first person account of this. Shows the weight of responsibility for the war and his men.

Washington and Committee of Congress at Valley Forge. Picture shows Washington showing the poor condition of his men on his right to the men who needed to help him feed and clothe them. How do you get that money? From taxes.

War at Sea *British Navy- one of the biggest and fastest in the world *American Navy - a few merchant ships that were outfitted with cannons and supplies

John Paul Jones was a leader in the Continental Navy who was able to sink numerous British ships and outsmart the more experienced captains --with a ship lashed to the British warship Serapis, the British commander asked him to surrender. His reply: “I have not yet begun to fight!” Later that night, John Paul Jones accepted the surrender of the British in the defeat of the Serapis.

Battle of Yorktown link: Battle of Yorktown: Hamilton (World turned upside down) *last major battle of the Revolution *Washington and Lafayette were able to surround British General Cornwallis and the British army with the help of the French Navy *Oct. 19, 1781 Cornwallis officially surrendered The British found themselves in a bad position, a lot like Santa Anna in the battle of San Jacinto. Close to the coastline and with no retreat: American forces to the north and west and French ships in the bay to the east.

Treaty of Paris of 1783 *both sides signed treaty and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States *treaty also set the boundaries of the United States: west to the Mississippi River and north to the Great Lakes with Spain owning Florida After the surrender of the British at Yorktown, the two sides met in Paris to decide the terms of the treaty. This is the 2nd Treaty of Paris. The first is the Treaty of Paris that ended the French and Indian War in 1763.

Mississippi R. United States of America Spanish Louisiana Spanish Texas