Reminders: Groups between A and B side are welcome to work together to create the decorations, etc. If you’ve been assigned the three themes portion of the presentation, do not try to write a level 2 question addressing all three. Focusing on a single area is fine.

Leveled Questions Level 1 question The answer can be found in the text (either directly or indirectly). This type of question is typically very concrete and asks for facts. Readers can point to one correct answer in the text. Describe how Heck Tate protected Boo Radley at the end of To Kill a Mockingbird.

Level 2 The answer can be inferred from the text. Usually not exactly from the text, but requiring some “reading between the lines” and making connections. How did being surrounded by deserts benefit Egypt? How did Egyptians view the pharaoh? Why did Egyptians mummify bodies?

Level 3 Predict how George's future will be without Lennie. Answers go beyond the text. This type of question requires using concepts/principles in novel or hypothetical situations. These questions ask that judgments be made from information and prior knowledge/experience. They also give opinions about issues, judge the validity of ideas, and justify opinions. Predict how George's future will be without Lennie.

Garbage in = Garbage Out Your thinking, if informed by inaccurate or unreliable sources is going to be… How do you know what to trust?

An Introduction to Plagiarism and MLA Citation Reed World Cultures “To Cite or Not To Cite?” (It’s not really a question!) It is important that the computer used for this presentation is one that has external speakers. That way the audio narration on this first slide will be audible. Also, it would be advisable to have students bring their grammar handbooks or turn to the MLA citation style section of their book. That way they can make the connection between the presentation’s materials and the book they are using. ©Davidjulian.com An Introduction to Plagiarism and MLA Citation

Lesson Objectives Learn about the concept of plagiarism Learn the reasons for using a citation style, like MLA. Correctly utilize and identify MLA citation style for in-text and bibliographic citations (works cited). This unit splits into three main parts, all of which are important to the overall understanding of citation style usage. The first is to learn what plagiarism is and why it is so bad. The second objective is geared to convincing the students to place importance on MLA, not just to avoid plagiarism, but because it will add to their credibility. Finally, the unit focuses on introducing the formats that are most commonly used in MLA citation.

What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is the theft of words, phrases, sentence structures, ideas, or opinions. (It is also possible to plagiarize other forms of expression -- someone else's computer code, mathematical expressions, technical designs, artistic works, etc. Here we are concentrating on plagiarism of words.) Here it is important to stress to students that just because they put something in their own words, doesn’t excuse them from giving credit to the source. That is still plagiarism. In addition, it is also possible to plagiarize one’s self by turning in a paper twice or using “chunks” of previous papers in new papers. That also can get them into trouble if they do not cite themselves. The students might find that funny, but many professors have gotten into trouble that way. There are some examples from UTPA. Why care, besides the getting in trouble part? The important part of a writing assignment is the opportunity to learn and grow.

When does it occur? Plagiarism occurs when any such information is taken from any source or person and--intentionally or unintentionally--presented or "borrowed" without mention of the source. Plagiarism also occurs when materials from cited sources are reproduced exactly or nearly exactly but are not put in quotation marks. This continues the discussion of what plagiarism is, and it may be slightly repetitive. However, it needs to be reinforced that plagiarism can occur even if the action was done accidentally and not intentionally. Therefore, it is important to be very careful with how one uses sources.

Is it a problem? According to, Plagiarism.com:“Recent studies indicate that approximately 30 percent of all students may be plagiarizing on every written assignment they complete.” A Rutgers University study in 2003:“Thirty-eight percent of the undergraduate students completing the survey indicated they had engaged in one or more instances of cut & paste plagiarism using the Internet in the past year - paraphrasing or copying a few sentences of material from the Internet without citing the source.” In addition, to the examples from this slide, you can bring up the 169 Seniors from the University of Virginia who were caught plagiarizing during their graduating semester (in 2002). The school expelled all of the students and negated all their credits. That is severe.

Top 3 Reasons to Use Citation Styles Avoiding Plagiarism Avoid plagiarism: Think. Write. Signal. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to learn how to use a citation style (like MLA) and then apply it consistently in all your work. or Top 3 Reasons to Use Citation Styles Avoid Plagiarism √ Gain Credibility for your work Allow other people to learn more about your research Now that the students should be paying attention to the severe consequences that plagiarizing can have, you can bring up that the best way to avoid it is to ALWAYS give credit to your sources. In addition, using a citation style, like MLA, will give the writer more credibility in the eyes of the audience, and it will also allow people to replicate the same research that was done. This helps because it will allow people to build upon previous research, or to prove that you did it correctly.

"How can I ever be sure my paper doesn't include some phrase I forgot I read somewhere?" The "your own words" requirement doesn't mean you have to make up a language. Some English phrases are very common and will obviously show up in the writing of many different people. Plagiarism only arises when a string of words or thoughts is long enough that individual variations in expression are likely to occur. Most people are unable to remember enough consecutive words from another source to make unintentional quotation a real problem.

"What if someone else had an idea first and I don't know about it?" The "your own understanding" requirement doesn't mean you have to discover ideas no one else has ever had. It doesn't mean you have to give a reference for ideas or facts that everyone is aware of. It doesn't mean you are in trouble if a similar idea was expressed in a book you haven't read. A problem arises only when the idea is so unusual, or your expression of the idea comes so close to its expression in the other text, that reasonable people would think you probably copied it. Is it possible that could happen by accident? Theoretically possible, but… From OU’s Integrity Site)

Why use MLA format? Allows readers to cross reference your sources easily Provides consistent format within a particular discipline Gives you credibility as a writer Protects you from plagiarism

The Modern Language Association Citation Style (MLA Citation) MLA citation normally is used for English, foreign language, and some humanities papers. Hence, this is very important since you will be required to use it many times in college. MLA, like other citations styles consists of two things: In-text Citations (Also called Parenthetical Citations) Works Cited Page (composed of Bibliographic Entries) Using these two things helps you avoid plagiarism. Here it is important to tell students that there are many other citation styles, and most of them have the same logical structure as MLA. However, there are differences in how dates are viewed, and whether citations always have page numbers or not. An example that can be used it to tell the students that in APA, the year is extremely important. So important, in fact, that the year goes right after the author’s name and unless someone is quoting, there is no page number, but the year is always there. It is also important to tell students that no matter which citation style they use, they will be required to put some kind of source information in the text and also a references or works cited page at the end. That is part of the underlying logic behind citations styles.

Let’s tackle works cited first.

A works cited page is where you list all the resources you refer to in your paper. It has a specific format and calls for specific information depending on the kind of source it is and what information you have. For a book: author(s), the title of the book, and the publication information. Website example: Cain, Kevin. "The Negative Effects of Facebook on Communication." Social Media Today RSS N.p., 29 June 2012. Web. 02 Jan. 2013.

Some on-line works cited creation tools: http://citationmachine.net/index2.php http://www.easybib.com/ http://www.noodletools.com/login.php

In-Text Citations In-text citations of sources have two requirements: Examples (Last Name Page #) (Garcia 136) In-Text Citations In-text citations of sources have two requirements: They need to include enough information for the audience to find the source on the works cited page. They need to include enough information so the audience knows where to find the borrowed material in the original source you used. Between the two parts of MLA, in-text citations (sometimes called “parenthetical citations”) are the most important. There will be more of these than there will be bibliographic entries. If even one of these citations is missing where information has been borrowed from a source, technically the writer has plagiarized.

Types of In-text Citations In-text citations can come in two main forms: 1. Author named within the signal phrase: At one point, Cofer writes, “Growing up in a large urban center…I suffered from what I think of as cultural schizophrenia” (175). 2. Author not named within the signal phrase: On the other hand, “many Americans expressed surprise at the frequency with which French people spoke about money” (Carroll 313). There are many varieties of citations, but these refer to how the information and the author is presented while using the source information in the paper. It is also important to stress that not all the citations should be done one way. That would look to formulaic and the teacher will probably not see it as good writing. It will be a good idea to vary the formats a little. *As you can see, both styles of citations include the author’s last name and the page number.

Now for some practice! Before proceeding, it would be useful to ask if there are any questions. That way they can feel a little more confident when answering the following four questions.