OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1453 Captured Constantinople and overthrew the Byzantine Empire Built a large and powerful empire Suleiman the Magnificent Extended Muslim influence Made contributions in arts, architecture and literature Restricted trade – forced Europeans to seek new routes for trade with Asia

RENAISSANCE (Italy) Rebirth of culture and learning Introduced new ways of thinking Rediscovery of Greco-Roman culture Great achievments in art, literature, science Secularism Humanism Individualism

HUMANISM Europeans developed a new way of thinking called humanism. Focused on worldly subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied, rather than religious ones. Vs.

MARTIN LUTHER PROTESTANT REFORMATION Challenged the teachings of the Catholic church. Wrote 95 Thesis Was banned from the church after an argument about indulgences. After breaking away from the church he started the protestant religion.

Age of Exploration Find a new all-water route to the east Columbus discovered the New world Europeans gained land, and wealth by building empires Explorers: Vasco De Gama Columbus Magellan *Better Navigation Technology *Better weapons for Conquistadors -Conquerors

New products and ideas promoted economic growth COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE New products and ideas promoted economic growth TRIANGULAR TRADE

Triangular Trade -products sent to Europe (Sugar, Tobacco) -Rum and manufactured goods to Africa -Slaves sent to America Columbian Exchange -New products and ideas exchanged between the new and old world.

BRIEF OVERVIEW ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS (River valleys: Mesopotamia, Nile)  ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS (gov’t, math, medicine) GREEKS (athenians develop democracy)

(gov’t: republic architecture: columns ROMANS (gov’t: republic architecture: columns 1st Barbarian invasions  anarchy)  DARK AGES (Kings lost power, little cultural progress, no education, survival) MIDDLE AGES (Feudalism, no central gov’t, lords ruled over manor)

RENAISSANCE RISE OF NATIONS  REFORMATION ENLIGHTENMENT  ABSOLUTISM CRUSADES (Holy Wars – Christians vs. Muslims revived trade / ended dark ages   RENAISSANCE RISE OF NATIONS Rebirth of culture and learning Questioning attitude  REFORMATION ENLIGHTENMENT Kings got power back Gain support of Middle class Need protection/pay taxes  ABSOLUTISM REVOLUTIONS

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Nicolaus Copernicus Challenged the belief of the earth being center of universe (geocentric) universe was sun- centered (heliocentric) Galileo Astronomical telescope Proved Copernicus’s theory Rejected traditional authority Relied on Experimentation and observation

Montesquieu Separation of Power ENLIGHTENMENT/AGE OF REASON People rejected/challenged traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason Montesquieu Separation of Power John Locke Purpose of gov’t is to protect natural rights (unalienable rights) If gov’t fails to protect rights  overthrow gov’t Voltaire Freedom of speech/religion Rousseau “general will”

AGE OF ABSOLUTISM Period when almost all European nations were ruled by kings with “total” power Divine Right Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince Louis XIV  France Peter the Great  Russia

GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY Magna Carta  forbid King to raise taxes Growth of Parliament  2 house legislature Petition of Right  reinforced Magna Carta Habeas Corpus  protected rights of accused

LIMITS WERE PLACED ON THE MONARCHY Glorious Revolution  Parliament supreme over Monarchy English Bill of Rights  limits power of king, guarantees rights of people

Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas MARIA THERESA JOSEPH II CATHERINE THE GREAT Codified laws Built schools/hospitals Limited use of torture Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas Absolute rulers who used their power to reform society Introduced Western Ideas

REVOLUTIONS CAUSES POLITICAL  Government ECONOMIC money SOCIAL society

FRENCH REVOLUTION Political Absolute Monarch No rights, say in government Ideas of enlightenment spread Social Rigid class structure Three estates 1st estate: Clergy 2nd estate: nobles 3rd estate: Bourgeoisie merchants, artisans, peasants

Economic High taxes System of mercantilism- increasing the supply of raw materials from the colonies to the mother country

3rd estate declares national assembly and storm the Bastille

Constitutional Monarchy A republic is formed Citizen army of 300,000 defeat invading countries Radicals take over Reign of Terror

NAPOLEON EFFECT Napoleonic code Trial by jury RISE General in French Revolution Carried out a coup d’etat consulate Plebicite ruled as dictator “order and stability” DOWNFALL Continental system Peninsular War Invasion of Russia EFFECT Napoleonic code Trial by jury Encouraged “equality, fraternity” Promoted Nationalism