B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology Miscellaneous Work File on Renewable Energy Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology 3/19/2003, Rev. 1.4 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 www.fit.edu/~fleslie f.leslie @ieee.org; (321) 768-6629

Overview Renewable energy is sustainable indefinitely, unlike long-stored energy from fossil fuels that will be depleted Renewable energy from wind, solar, and hydroelectric power emits no pollution or carbon dioxide (although the building of the components does) Biomass combustion is also renewable, but emits CO2 and pollutants Nuclear energy is not renewable, but sometimes is treated as though it were because of the long depletion period Sustainable energy comes from the sun or from tidal forces of the moon and sun; usually implies not using it faster than can be replenished Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created. Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it. Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large. Revised 021003

Energy Considerations for 2050 Fossil-fuel energy will deplete in the future; took millions of years to create that much fuel US oil production peaked about 1974; world energy will peak about 2004-9 or so Renewable energy will eventually become mandatory, and our lifestyles may change Transition to renewable energy must occur well before a crisis occurs Revised 020115

Wave/Tide Ocean Current Energy Categories Fossil Renewable Conventional Coal Oil Gas Wood Hydro Human/Animal Alternative Oil Shale Tar Sands Wind Solar Biomass Wave/Tide Ocean Current Geothermal Sustainable means using less than is renewed; if water is withdrawn from a dam faster than it is refilled, the level drops and power is lessened Revised 030109

11.4.3.1 Solar Module Tilt NP NP SP NP SP 23.5° SP 23.5° NP SP Modules are tilted at latitude to be aimed at sun on equinoxes; at solstices, they are offset by latitude angle 030217

11.4.3.1.2 Battery Capacity

11.4.3.1 Battery Capacity Controller Battery Inverter Load PV Module P-C Interface Controller C-B Interface Battery B-I, Interface Inverter 12 to 120V 1A to 10A I-L Load Power In, W 208 W =17.5 x 11.9A =208 W 148.1 W = 133.3/ 0.9 = 148.1 W 133.3 W =120/ 0.9 = 133.3 W 120 W Voltage In, V 17.5 V 13.8 V 12 V 120 V Current In, A 11.9 A 11.9A =10.7A/ 0.9 =11.9 A = 148.1/ 13.8 = 10.7 A = 148.1 W/ 12 V = 12.3 A 11.1 A = 133.3/ 12 = 11.1 A 1 A Capacity, A-hour = 1181/ 10.7 = 110 hours =12.3 A x 96 hr =1181 Ah Power Efficiency 1 (no loss) 0.9 1 0.9 in x 0.9 out For four days, the battery must supply 1 A to the load requiring 592 Ah capacity 030217

12.3 Prop vs. Rotor Lift Force Rotation Torque Resultant Force Blade Pitch Relative Wind Chord Line 2/3 x Wind velocity due to slowed wind Angle of Attack Lift Force Drag Force Resultant Force Rotation Torque Rotational Velocity Thrust For f 030319

Airplane Propeller Flipped Over Rotor “lift” pulls rotor around 12.3 Prop vs. Rotor Lift Airplane Propeller Wind CW WT Rotor Wind Driven Motion Motion Lift Airplane Propeller Flipped Over Rotor “lift” pulls rotor around CCW WT Rotor Weak Motion No good for rotor Poor Lift Motion Lift An airplane propeller won’t work as a wind turbine rotor 030319

Northwestern Iowa has Wind 040223 http://www.iowafarmer.com/03/030426pdf/030426iftne.pdf

Composite Wind and Solar Map http://www.energycommission.org/ewebeditpro/items/O82F4682.pdf 041214

Conclusion Renewable energy offers a long-term approach to the World’s energy needs Economics drives the selection process and short-term (first cost) thinking leads to disregard of long-term, overall cost Increasing oil, gas, and coal prices will ensure that the transition to renewable energy will occur ― How will we choose to do it? Revised 020115

References: Books Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. Revised 020115

References: Websites, etc. awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy mailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenters www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html Revised 020115

Thank you! Questions? ? ? My website: my.fit.edu/~fleslie Roberts Hall Weather: www.fit.edu/wx_fit/roberts/RH.htm DMES Meteorology Webpage: www.fit.edu/wx_fit/observations_&_forecasts/real-time_data/fitroofdata.php 080101

Slide stockpile follows! Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. It’s difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!