Figure 2 Co-stimulatory receptors as immunomodulatory targets

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Figure 2 Co-stimulatory receptors as immunomodulatory targets Figure 2 | Co-stimulatory receptors as immunomodulatory targets. In addition to engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) by antigens presented on MHC molecules by antigen-presenting cells, co-stimulatory receptors provide signals for full T cell activation and differentiation. Monoclonal antibodies, acting as agonists, are used to overcome local immunosuppression by activating stimulatory receptors such as 4-1BB and OX40 (Box 2). The plus signs indicate stimulatory signals that are induced in the cells by the natural ligands or by agonistic antibodies recognizing the receptors. Yshii, L. M. et al. (2017) Inflammatory CNS disease caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: status and perspectives Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.144