Blood pressure surges in REM sleep: A mini review Hiroyoshi Séi  Pathophysiology  Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 233-241 (September 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Representative example of a polygraphic recording in a rat, showing changes in heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (AP), electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A simplified model of the possible key neuronal components for REM sleep induction (from Ref. [6]). Box: the classical model of neuronal mechanisms determining alterations in sleep stages. Upper: sleep stage. Middle: the firing pattern of REM-on and REM-off neurons. Bottom: simplified model of the interaction between REM-on (cholinergic) and REM-off (aminergic) neurons within sleep stages. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) changes during REM sleep-like phase (indicated as “PS”) in a decerebrated cat (from Ref. [33]). Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 (A) Representative recordings showing the changes in arterial blood pressure (AP), electro-oculogram (EOG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep in a rat. (B) An enlarged view of the area indicated by two dotted lines in (A). Open arrows with a dotted line indicate the trigger point for the summation of each signal (beginning of the eye movement (EM) burst) for (C). (C) Changes in EM number, theta frequency, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in 1-s bins. The onset of EM burst was taken as a reference point, indicated by a dotted line. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 (A) Examples of brain sections near the injection site, processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated and vehicle-treated rats. TH immunoreactive neurons in the ventral tegmental area are almost absent in 6-OHDA-treated rats. Neuronal loss in the 6-OHDA-treated rat appears to extend to the antero-medial part of the substantia nigra. (B) Representative examples of polygraphic recordings showing changes in heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (AP), electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep in 6-OHDA- and vehicle-treated rats. The upper bars indicate the period of REM sleep (from Ref. [39]). Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 An example of a cholinergic neuron in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus whose firing during REM sleep is correlated with fluctuations in blood pressure. BP, blood pressure; EEG electroencephalogram; EMG, electromyogram of neck muscle; rate, firing rate of the neuron; spike, trace of action potentials; SWS, slow wave sleep; W, wake. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 A photo showing a mouse in the plethysmography chamber implanted with a telemetric device for the recording of EEG and EMG as indicated in the adjoining illustration. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 (A) An example showing the change in ventilation pattern across sleep stages. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded by a telemetric device (TL11M2-F20, DSI). During REM sleep, the volume of ventilation was suppressed and its frequency fluctuated widely in comparison to W and NREM sleep. There are two type of apnea in mice: post-sigh (a) and apnea during REM sleep (b). (B) An example of the simultaneous recording of ventilation and blood pressure in mice. Blood pressure was recorded by a telemetric device (TA11PA-C20). Spontaneous apnea was accompanied by blood pressure surges during putative REM sleep. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 (A) An enlarged view of post-sigh apnea (a) and spontaneous apnea during REM sleep (b) characteristics shown in Fig. 10. (B) Average mean blood pressure and ventilation frequency in 2-s bins, with a reference point being set at the onset of apnea. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 The effect of acetazolamide (ACZ) on ventilation and mean arterial blood pressure (AP) during the transition from NREM to REM sleep. Bottom horizontal bar indicates REM sleep. Pathophysiology 2012 19, 233-241DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.04.006) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions