82nd Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board January 13, nd Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board January 13, 2003 Robert L. Bertini Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Ahmed El-Geneidy School of Urban Studies and Planning Portland State University Using Archived Data to Generate Transit Performance Measures

2 Let Knowledge Serve the City Problem Statement Importance of transit serviceImportance of transit service New ITS monitoring and management systemsNew ITS monitoring and management systems Performance monitoringreal time & in retrospectPerformance monitoringreal time & in retrospect PastPast –Limited scope and duration –Aggregate measures –Costly data collection NowNow –Unlimited coverage and continuous duration –Design, extract and test specific measures –Actual system performance –Data management/processing challenges –Need for generating relevant measures Importance of transit serviceImportance of transit service New ITS monitoring and management systemsNew ITS monitoring and management systems Performance monitoringreal time & in retrospectPerformance monitoringreal time & in retrospect PastPast –Limited scope and duration –Aggregate measures –Costly data collection NowNow –Unlimited coverage and continuous duration –Design, extract and test specific measures –Actual system performance –Data management/processing challenges –Need for generating relevant measures

3 Let Knowledge Serve the City ObjectivesObjectives Describe how archived dispatch system database can be used to generate performance measures.Describe how archived dispatch system database can be used to generate performance measures. Improve service standards and effectiveness.Improve service standards and effectiveness. Begin process for developing, testing, using and incorporating performance measures into daily operations.Begin process for developing, testing, using and incorporating performance measures into daily operations. Focus on experimental set (pilot) of measures.Focus on experimental set (pilot) of measures. Part of larger transit operations research program under Great Cities Universities Coalition and partially funded by Trimet.Part of larger transit operations research program under Great Cities Universities Coalition and partially funded by Trimet. Describe how archived dispatch system database can be used to generate performance measures.Describe how archived dispatch system database can be used to generate performance measures. Improve service standards and effectiveness.Improve service standards and effectiveness. Begin process for developing, testing, using and incorporating performance measures into daily operations.Begin process for developing, testing, using and incorporating performance measures into daily operations. Focus on experimental set (pilot) of measures.Focus on experimental set (pilot) of measures. Part of larger transit operations research program under Great Cities Universities Coalition and partially funded by Trimet.Part of larger transit operations research program under Great Cities Universities Coalition and partially funded by Trimet.

4 Let Knowledge Serve the City FrameworkFramework Cost Effectiveness Cost Efficiency Service Effectiveness Service Inputs Labor, Capital, Fuel Service Consumption Pax, Pax-Miles, Revenue Service Outputs Veh-Hrs, Veh-Miles

5 Let Knowledge Serve the City Performance Measures Measuring system performance is the first step toward efficient and proactive management.Measuring system performance is the first step toward efficient and proactive management. Increasing attention to transit performanceIncreasing attention to transit performance –Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual »Quantitative/qualitative »Passenger point of view »Linked to agency operating decisions –NCHRP Performance Based Planning Manual »Accessibility »Mobility »Economic Development Measuring system performance is the first step toward efficient and proactive management.Measuring system performance is the first step toward efficient and proactive management. Increasing attention to transit performanceIncreasing attention to transit performance –Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual »Quantitative/qualitative »Passenger point of view »Linked to agency operating decisions –NCHRP Performance Based Planning Manual »Accessibility »Mobility »Economic Development

6 Let Knowledge Serve the City Improve Reliability Reduce variability of system performanceReduce variability of system performance –Delay –Travel time Attract more ridersAttract more riders Reduce operations costsReduce operations costs Increase productivityIncrease productivity Link to service standardsLink to service standards Reduce variability of system performanceReduce variability of system performance –Delay –Travel time Attract more ridersAttract more riders Reduce operations costsReduce operations costs Increase productivityIncrease productivity Link to service standardsLink to service standards

7 Let Knowledge Serve the City

8 DataData Portland Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District (TriMet)Portland Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District (TriMet) 62 million annual bus trips62 million annual bus trips 600 square miles600 square miles 1.2 million population1.2 million population 700 vehicles700 vehicles 98 routes98 routes 9,000 bus stops9,000 bus stops Portland Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District (TriMet)Portland Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District (TriMet) 62 million annual bus trips62 million annual bus trips 600 square miles600 square miles 1.2 million population1.2 million population 700 vehicles700 vehicles 98 routes98 routes 9,000 bus stops9,000 bus stops

9 Let Knowledge Serve the City TriMet Bus Dispatch System Bus Dispatch System (BDS) tracks bus location and schedule adherence.Bus Dispatch System (BDS) tracks bus location and schedule adherence. Automatic vehicle location (AVL) using global positioning system (GPS).Automatic vehicle location (AVL) using global positioning system (GPS). Automatic passenger counters (APCs) on most vehicles.Automatic passenger counters (APCs) on most vehicles. Bus Dispatch System (BDS) tracks bus location and schedule adherence.Bus Dispatch System (BDS) tracks bus location and schedule adherence. Automatic vehicle location (AVL) using global positioning system (GPS).Automatic vehicle location (AVL) using global positioning system (GPS). Automatic passenger counters (APCs) on most vehicles.Automatic passenger counters (APCs) on most vehicles. Smart Bus Concept

10 Let Knowledge Serve the City TriMet Bus Dispatch System Real time operating informationReal time operating information Stop level data archived on vehicle, available for later analysis on system-wide basisStop level data archived on vehicle, available for later analysis on system-wide basis Each stop geo-codedEach stop geo-coded New data added for each stopNew data added for each stop –Scheduled arrival time (important meta data) –Actual Arrive/door open time –Number of boardings and alightings –Depart/door close time –Lift use Schedule adherence reported to operator/dispatcherSchedule adherence reported to operator/dispatcher Real time operating informationReal time operating information Stop level data archived on vehicle, available for later analysis on system-wide basisStop level data archived on vehicle, available for later analysis on system-wide basis Each stop geo-codedEach stop geo-coded New data added for each stopNew data added for each stop –Scheduled arrival time (important meta data) –Actual Arrive/door open time –Number of boardings and alightings –Depart/door close time –Lift use Schedule adherence reported to operator/dispatcherSchedule adherence reported to operator/dispatcher

11 Let Knowledge Serve the City

12 Let Knowledge Serve the City Transit Performance Measures (TPMs) SystemRouteSegmentPointSystemRouteSegmentPoint

13 Let Knowledge Serve the City System Level TPMs System level TPMs can include all data procesed for external reporting:System level TPMs can include all data procesed for external reporting: –Ridership –Boardings –Revenue –Expenditures of the overall system. Route level measures can be aggregated over the entire transit network.Route level measures can be aggregated over the entire transit network. System level TPMs can include all data procesed for external reporting:System level TPMs can include all data procesed for external reporting: –Ridership –Boardings –Revenue –Expenditures of the overall system. Route level measures can be aggregated over the entire transit network.Route level measures can be aggregated over the entire transit network.

14 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs Time distribution between trip time and layover timeTime distribution between trip time and layover time Route 12 during one weekday of service (January 24, 2002).Route 12 during one weekday of service (January 24, 2002). At the route level, using the archived BDS data, it is possible to create a daily report for each route.At the route level, using the archived BDS data, it is possible to create a daily report for each route. Need to control layover time (non-revenue)Need to control layover time (non-revenue) One day 9% of time at layoversOne day 9% of time at layovers Time distribution between trip time and layover timeTime distribution between trip time and layover time Route 12 during one weekday of service (January 24, 2002).Route 12 during one weekday of service (January 24, 2002). At the route level, using the archived BDS data, it is possible to create a daily report for each route.At the route level, using the archived BDS data, it is possible to create a daily report for each route. Need to control layover time (non-revenue)Need to control layover time (non-revenue) One day 9% of time at layoversOne day 9% of time at layovers

15 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level Performance Measures

16 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs Daily report for Route 14Daily report for Route 14 Actual/scheduled hours of serviceActual/scheduled hours of service Actual/scheduled tripsActual/scheduled trips Actual/scheduled milesActual/scheduled miles Actual/scheduled layoverActual/scheduled layover Passengers carriedPassengers carried Boardings/alightingsBoardings/alightings Dwell time analysisDwell time analysis DelayDelay Average passenger loadAverage passenger load Passengers per milePassengers per mile Scheduled/actual speedScheduled/actual speed Number of operatorsNumber of operators Inbound/outboundInbound/outbound Peak/offpeakPeak/offpeak Study longitudinally over many days/yearsStudy longitudinally over many days/years Daily report for Route 14Daily report for Route 14 Actual/scheduled hours of serviceActual/scheduled hours of service Actual/scheduled tripsActual/scheduled trips Actual/scheduled milesActual/scheduled miles Actual/scheduled layoverActual/scheduled layover Passengers carriedPassengers carried Boardings/alightingsBoardings/alightings Dwell time analysisDwell time analysis DelayDelay Average passenger loadAverage passenger load Passengers per milePassengers per mile Scheduled/actual speedScheduled/actual speed Number of operatorsNumber of operators Inbound/outboundInbound/outbound Peak/offpeakPeak/offpeak Study longitudinally over many days/yearsStudy longitudinally over many days/years

17 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Transit Availability Transit Availabilitykey measure of quality of serviceTransit Availabilitykey measure of quality of service One sample census tractOne sample census tract –1.5 square miles –7,900 population (2000) –0.25-mile buffer around each bus stop –38% of area within walking distance Transit Availabilitykey measure of quality of serviceTransit Availabilitykey measure of quality of service One sample census tractOne sample census tract –1.5 square miles –7,900 population (2000) –0.25-mile buffer around each bus stop –38% of area within walking distance

18 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs

19 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Speed Transit Operating Speed Important for passenger attractiveness and operating efficiencyImportant for passenger attractiveness and operating efficiency Observe how speed varies with time and spaceObserve how speed varies with time and space Example using instantaneous speed/location for express bus on freeway corridor (highlights bottleneck)Example using instantaneous speed/location for express bus on freeway corridor (highlights bottleneck) Transit Operating Speed Important for passenger attractiveness and operating efficiencyImportant for passenger attractiveness and operating efficiency Observe how speed varies with time and spaceObserve how speed varies with time and space Example using instantaneous speed/location for express bus on freeway corridor (highlights bottleneck)Example using instantaneous speed/location for express bus on freeway corridor (highlights bottleneck)

20 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Speed Speed and travel time Inbound vehicle trajectories.Inbound vehicle trajectories. See speed as slope.See speed as slope. Observe variations over a.m. peak.Observe variations over a.m. peak. Compare with off peak, day to day and beyond.Compare with off peak, day to day and beyond. Speed and travel time Inbound vehicle trajectories.Inbound vehicle trajectories. See speed as slope.See speed as slope. Observe variations over a.m. peak.Observe variations over a.m. peak. Compare with off peak, day to day and beyond.Compare with off peak, day to day and beyond.

21 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Speed Speed and travel time Inbound and outbound averages for Route 14 by service period.Inbound and outbound averages for Route 14 by service period mph inbound.17.3 mph inbound mph outbound.15.9 mph outbound. Compare over time/system.Compare over time/system. Speed and travel time Inbound and outbound averages for Route 14 by service period.Inbound and outbound averages for Route 14 by service period mph inbound.17.3 mph inbound mph outbound.15.9 mph outbound. Compare over time/system.Compare over time/system.

22 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Schedule Adherence Schedule Adherence Customer perceptionCustomer perception Operator performanceOperator performance Schedule modificationsSchedule modifications One day on one route:One day on one route: 22% on time22% on time 51% late51% late 27% early27% early Schedule Adherence Customer perceptionCustomer perception Operator performanceOperator performance Schedule modificationsSchedule modifications One day on one route:One day on one route: 22% on time22% on time 51% late51% late 27% early27% early

23 Let Knowledge Serve the City Route Level TPMs: Dwell Time Downtown Dwell time Passenger movement vs. dwell timePassenger movement vs. dwell time One route, one day.One route, one day. Connect high passenger movements with delays.Connect high passenger movements with delays. Consider boarding improvements and fare payment systemsConsider boarding improvements and fare payment systems Dwell time Passenger movement vs. dwell timePassenger movement vs. dwell time One route, one day.One route, one day. Connect high passenger movements with delays.Connect high passenger movements with delays. Consider boarding improvements and fare payment systemsConsider boarding improvements and fare payment systems

24 Let Knowledge Serve the City Segment Level TPMs Key Segments of Important Routes Apply route level TPMsApply route level TPMs Study high passenger movement areas on Route 12Study high passenger movement areas on Route 12 Connect land use/densityConnect land use/density Compare stop activity with populationCompare stop activity with population High passenger movement occurs at transfer points with high proportion of commercial usesHigh passenger movement occurs at transfer points with high proportion of commercial uses Key Segments of Important Routes Apply route level TPMsApply route level TPMs Study high passenger movement areas on Route 12Study high passenger movement areas on Route 12 Connect land use/densityConnect land use/density Compare stop activity with populationCompare stop activity with population High passenger movement occurs at transfer points with high proportion of commercial usesHigh passenger movement occurs at transfer points with high proportion of commercial uses

25 Let Knowledge Serve the City Segment Level Performance Measures

26 Let Knowledge Serve the City Point Level TPMs: Headway Cumulative scheduled and actual for one stop.Cumulative scheduled and actual for one stop. See arrival rate as slope.See arrival rate as slope. Observe delay between two functions.Observe delay between two functions. Passenger movements also shown.Passenger movements also shown. Control bunching.Control bunching. Cumulative scheduled and actual for one stop.Cumulative scheduled and actual for one stop. See arrival rate as slope.See arrival rate as slope. Observe delay between two functions.Observe delay between two functions. Passenger movements also shown.Passenger movements also shown. Control bunching.Control bunching. On-time performance

27 Let Knowledge Serve the City ConclusionConclusion Shift from relying on few, general, aggregate measures to detailed, specific measures.Shift from relying on few, general, aggregate measures to detailed, specific measures. Challenges in data collection deployment and archiving demonstration of value.Challenges in data collection deployment and archiving demonstration of value. Difficulties in converting large quantities of data into meaningful, useful information.Difficulties in converting large quantities of data into meaningful, useful information. Connections to service standards.Connections to service standards. Importance of performance measurement for planning, system design/modification and operations.Importance of performance measurement for planning, system design/modification and operations. Support development of TCQSM.Support development of TCQSM. Experiment with new TPMs and track them over time.Experiment with new TPMs and track them over time. Introduce into daily operations environment.Introduce into daily operations environment. Shift from relying on few, general, aggregate measures to detailed, specific measures.Shift from relying on few, general, aggregate measures to detailed, specific measures. Challenges in data collection deployment and archiving demonstration of value.Challenges in data collection deployment and archiving demonstration of value. Difficulties in converting large quantities of data into meaningful, useful information.Difficulties in converting large quantities of data into meaningful, useful information. Connections to service standards.Connections to service standards. Importance of performance measurement for planning, system design/modification and operations.Importance of performance measurement for planning, system design/modification and operations. Support development of TCQSM.Support development of TCQSM. Experiment with new TPMs and track them over time.Experiment with new TPMs and track them over time. Introduce into daily operations environment.Introduce into daily operations environment.

28 Let Knowledge Serve the City AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements Steve Callas, TriMet Thomas Kimpel, Center for Urban Studies James Strathman, Center for Urban Studies Great Cities Universities Coalition Steve Callas, TriMet Thomas Kimpel, Center for Urban Studies James Strathman, Center for Urban Studies Great Cities Universities Coalition

29 Let Knowledge Serve the City Thank You!