Freeway & Highway Level of Service CEE 320 Anne Goodchild

Outline Definitions Level of Service (LOS) Freeway Segment LOS Determination Free-flow speed Flow Rate Multilane Highway LOS Design Traffic Volume

I-5 Average Daily Traffic from the WSDOT 2001 Annual Traffic Report

Freeway Defined A divided highway with full control of access and two or more lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction. Assumptions No interaction with adjacent facilities (streets, other freeways) Free-flow conditions exist on either side of the facility being analyzed Outside the influence or ramps and weaving areas

Basic Freeway Segment From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Definitions Freeway Capacity The maximum sustained 15-min flow rate, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, that can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction of flow.

Definitions – Flow Characteristics Undersaturated Traffic flow that is unaffected by upstream or downstream conditions. Queue discharge Traffic flow that has just passed through a bottleneck and is accelerating back to the FFS of the freeway. Oversaturated Traffic flow that is influenced by the effects of a downstream bottleneck. From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Speed vs. Flow Sf Free Flow Speed Uncongested Flow Sm Speed (mph) Lots of measurements in the top part, a few in the queue part and a few in the congested part Segment 1 = top part = uncongested Segment 2 = straight part = queue discharge Segment 3 = bottom part = within a queue Optimal flow, capacity, vm Congested Flow Flow (veh/hr)

Uncongested Flow From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Definitions – Free-Flow Speed Free-Flow Speed (FFS) The mean speed of passenger cars that can be accommodated under low to moderate flow rates on a uniform freeway segment under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions. Factors affecting free-flow speed Lane width Lateral clearance Number of lanes Interchange density Geometric design

Definitions Passenger car equivalents Driver population Capacity Trucks and RVs behave differently Baseline is a freeway with all passenger cars Traffic is expressed in passenger cars per lane per hour (pc/ln/hr or pcplph) Driver population Non-commuters suck more at driving They may affect capacity Capacity Corresponds to LOS E and v/c = 1.0 v/c is volume to capacity ratio

Definitions – Level of Service (LOS) Chief measure of “quality of service” Describes operational conditions within a traffic stream. Does not include safety Different measures for different facilities Six measures (A through F) Used for performance analysis, investment decisions Freeway LOS Based on traffic density

Levels of Service LOS A LOS B Free-flow operation Reasonably free flow Ability to maneuver is only slightly restricted Effects of minor incidents still easily absorbed From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Levels of Service LOS C LOS D Speeds at or near FFS Freedom to maneuver is noticeably restricted Queues may form behind any significant blockage. LOS D Speeds decline slightly with increasing flows Density increases more quickly Freedom to maneuver is more noticeably limited Minor incidents create queuing From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Levels of Service LOS E LOS F Operation near or at capacity No usable gaps in the traffic stream Operations extremely volatile Any disruption causes queuing LOS F Breakdown in flow Queues form behind breakdown points Demand > capacity From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Freeway LOS

LOS Calculation Does not consider Freeway LOS Special lanes reserved for a particular type of vehicle (HOV, truck, climbing, etc.) Extended bridge and tunnel segments Segments near a toll plaza Facilities with FFS < 55 mi/h or > 75 mi/h Demand conditions in excess of capacity Influence of downstream blockages or queuing Posted speed limit Extent of police enforcement Intelligent transportation system features Capacity-enhancing effects of ramp metering

Freeway LOS Base Conditions If FFS not Adjust for temporal variation Input Geometric Data Measured FFS or BFFS Volume (highest) Base Conditions BFFS Input BFFS Adjustment Lane width Number of lanes Interchange density Lateral clearance Volume Adjustment PHF Number of lanes Driver population Heavy vehicles If FFS not known Adjust for temporal variation Measured FFS Input Compute FFS Compute flow rate Define speed-flow curve Compute density using flow rate and speed Determine speed using speed-flow curve Determine LOS

Define Speed-Flow Curve Freeway LOS Define Speed-Flow Curve Select a Speed-Flow curve based on FFS Interpolation is OK 75 mph is dashed because is was extrapolated from the 70 mph curve From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Base conditions for basic freeway segment 12-ft lane widths 6-ft right shoulder 2-ft median lateral clearance Only passenger cars 5 or more lanes in each travel direction 2-mi or greater interchange spacing Level terrain Mostly familiar roadway users

Determining FFS Measure FFS in the field Freeway LOS Determining FFS Measure FFS in the field Low to moderate traffic conditions Use a baseline and adjust it (BFFS) FFS = free-flow speed (mph) BFFS base free-flow speed, 70 mph (urban), 75 mph (rural) fLW adjustment for lane width (mph) fLC adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph) fN adjustment for number of lanes (mph) fID adjustment for interchange density (mph)

Lane Width Adjustment (fLW) Freeway LOS Lane Width Adjustment (fLW) Base condition (fLW = 0) Average width of 12 ft. or wider across all lanes From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC) Freeway LOS Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC) Base condition (fLC = 0) 6 ft. or greater on right side 2 ft. or greater on the median or left side Measured from the edge of the paved shoulder to the nearest edge of the traveled lane No adjustments for left side From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN) Freeway LOS Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN) Base condition (fN = 0) 5 or more lanes in one direction Do not include HOV lanes fN = 0 for all rural freeway segments From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC) Freeway LOS Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC) Base condition (fIC = 0) 0.5 interchanges per mile (2-mile spacing) Interchange defined as having at least one on-ramp Determined over 6-mile segment 3 miles upstream and 3 miles downstream From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determining FFS Measure FFS in the field Freeway LOS Determining FFS Measure FFS in the field Low to moderate traffic conditions Use a baseline and adjust it (BFFS) FFS = free-flow speed (mph) BFFS base free-flow speed, 70 mph (urban), 75 mph (rural) fLW adjustment for lane width (mph) fLC adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph) fN adjustment for number of lanes (mph) fID adjustment for interchange density (mph)

Determining Analysis Flow Rate Freeway LOS Determining Analysis Flow Rate Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl) V hourly volume (veh/hr) highest, total one direction PHF peak hour factor N number of lanes in one direction fHV heavy-vehicle adjustment factor fP driver population adjustment factor You measure or are given V

Peak Hour Factor (PHF) Typical values 0.80 to 0.95 Freeway LOS Peak Hour Factor (PHF) Typical values 0.80 to 0.95 Lower PHF characteristic or rural or off-peak Higher PHF typical of urban peak-hour V = hourly volume (veh/hr) for hour of analysis V15 maximum 15-min. flow rate within hour of analysis 4 Number of 15-min. periods per hour

Heavy Vehicle Adjustment (fHV) Freeway LOS Heavy Vehicle Adjustment (fHV) Base condition (fHV = 1.0) No heavy vehicles Heavy vehicle = trucks, buses, RVs Two-step process Determine passenger-car equivalents (ET, ER) for this traffic stream Determine fHV 3 miles upstream and 3 miles downstream

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET,ER) Freeway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET,ER) Extended segments method Determine the type of terrain and select ET,ER Level, rolling, mountainous No one grade of 3% or more is longer than 0.25 miles OR No one grade of less than 3% is longer than 0.5 miles Level = any combo of alignments permitting heavy vehicles to maintain approximately the same speed as passenger cars. Generally includes short grades of no more than 2% Rolling = causes heavy vehicles to reduce speed substantially below passenger cars but does not cause them to operate at their limiting speed for the given terrain for any significant length of time or at frequent intervals Mountainous = causes heavy vehicles to operate at their limiting speed for significant distances or at frequent intervals From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Freeway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Specific grades method Any grade of 3% or more that is longer than 0.25 miles OR Any grade of less than 3% that is longer than 0.5 miles No RVs for downgrades From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Freeway LOS From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ER) Freeway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ER)

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET,ER) Freeway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET,ER) Composite grades method Determines the effect of a series of steep grades in succession Distance weighted average Method OK if… All subsection grades are less than 4% OR Total length of composite grade is less than 4000 ft. Otherwise, use a detailed technique in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) No RVs for downgrades From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine fHV Freeway LOS fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor ET, ER Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs PT, PR Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream

Determining Analysis Flow Rate Freeway LOS Determining Analysis Flow Rate Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl) V hourly volume (veh/hr) highest, total one direction PHF peak hour factor N number of lanes in one direction fHV heavy-vehicle adjustment factor fP driver population adjustment factor You measure or are given V

Driver Population Adjustment (fP) Freeway LOS Driver Population Adjustment (fP) Base condition (fP = 1.0) Most drivers are familiar with the route Commuter drivers Typical values between 0.85 and 1.00 Analyst selects the value using judgement Dependent on local conditions (scenic views, etc.)

Define Speed-Flow Curve Freeway LOS Define Speed-Flow Curve Select a Speed-Flow curve based on FFS Interpolation is OK 75 mph is dashed because is was extrapolated from the 70 mph curve From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine Average PC Speed (S) Freeway LOS Determine Average PC Speed (S) Use vp and FFS curve to find average passenger car speed (S) Interpolation is OK 75 mph is dashed because is was extrapolated from the 70 mph curve From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine Average PC Speed (S) Freeway LOS Determine Average PC Speed (S) For 70 < FFS ≤ 75 mph AND (3400 – 30FFS) < vp ≤ 2400 For 55 < FFS ≤ 70 mph AND (3400 – 30FFS) < vp ≤ (1700 + 10FFS) For 55 < FFS ≤ 75 mph AND vp < (3400 – 30FFS) You can also use these expressions, based on FFS and analysis flow rate

Determine Density Calculate density using: Freeway LOS D = density (pc/mi/ln) vp flow rate (pc/hr/ln) S average passenger-car speed (mph)

LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments Freeway LOS Determine LOS LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments Usually you can easily tell from the graph but it’s a good idea to check here Density defines LOS! From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Freeway LOS Example Determine the typical LOS the a 6 mile stretch of roadway with 5 interchanges. Geometry 11 ft. lane width 3 lanes Left lateral clearance = 5 ft. Right lateral clearance = 4 ft. Other 7 am PHF = 0.95 2% trucks 3% buses Determine free flow speed, analysis flow rate

Determine FFS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID Freeway LOS Determine FFS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway fLW = 1.9 FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway fLW = 1.9 fLC = 0.8 (do we use 2 or 3 lanes in one direction?) use 3 – this determines speed

Determine FFS Freeway LOS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway fLW = 1.9 fLC = 0.8 (do we use 2 or 3 lanes in one direction?) use 3 – this determines speed fN = 4.5 (do not include the HOV lane)

Determine FFS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID fLc = 0.8 fN = 3.0 Freeway LOS Determine FFS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID fLc = 0.8 fN = 3.0 FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway fLW = 1.9 fLC = 0.8 (do we use 2 or 3 lanes in one direction?) use 3 – this determines speed

Determine FFS Freeway LOS In a 6-mile stretch there are 5 interchanges 5/6=.833 Linear interpolation: 5(.833-.75)+1.3= 1.7 IC density = 5/6 = 0.833 interchanges/mile Interpolating from the table we get 1.68

Determine FFS FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID FFS = 70 – 1.9 – 0.8 – 3.0 – 1.7 = 62.6 mph

Determine Flow Rate (vp) Freeway LOS Determine Flow Rate (vp) ½ hour volume is for both directions Therefore the 1-hour volume in one direction is the same because there are 4 lanes total (2 in each direction) At 7am the ½ hour volume is about 4000 veh/hr Assume half in each direction, 4000 veh/hr max Graph from the Puget Sound Regional Council’s Puget Sound Trends, No. T6, July 1997

Determine Flow Rate (vp) Freeway LOS Determine Flow Rate (vp) Assume there are no RVs ET = 1.5 fHV = 1/(1+PT(ET-1) + PR(ER-1) fHV = 1/(1+0.05(1.5-1) + 0(1.2-1) = 0.9756 Assume commuters, therefore fP = 1.00 Vp = 4000 vph / (0.95)(2)(0.9756)(1.00) = 2158 pcplph ET = 1.5 Assume there are no RVs fHV = 1/(1+PT(ET-1) + PR(ER-1) fHV = 1/(1+0.05(1.5-1) + 0(1.2-1) = 0.9756 Assume commuters, therefore fP = 1.00 Vp = 4000 vph / (0.95)(2)(0.9756)(1.00) = 2158 pcplph

Determine LOS Freeway LOS FFS = 62.6 mph, Vp = 2158 pcplph, S = about 56 mph Looks like LOS E Density = 2158/56 = 38.5 pc/mi/ln FFS = 62.6 mph, Vp = 2158 pcplph, S = about 57 mph, Looks like LOS E, Density = 2158/57 = 38 pc/mi/ln

LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments Freeway LOS LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments Density = 2158/56 = 38.5 pc/mi/ln LOS E at 7am At 10 pm Vp = 1700/(0.99)(2)(0.9756)(1.00) = 880 pc/ln/hr S = 61.1 mph (still in free-flow area) D = 880/61.1 = 14.4 pc/mi/ln LOS B From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Multilane Highway LOS

Multilane Highway LOS Similar to Freeway LOS A few minor differences

Base Conditions for Multilane Highway Multilane Highway LOS Base Conditions for Multilane Highway Level terrain, with grades no greater than 2 percent Minimum lane width = 12 ft Objects no closer than 6 ft from the edge of the traveled pavement (at the roadside or median) No direct access points along the roadway Divided highway Traffic stream composed entirely of passenger cars Free flow speed of 60 mph or more Driver population composed principally of regular users

Free Flow Speed (FFS) Measure FFS in the field Multilane Highway LOS Free Flow Speed (FFS) Measure FFS in the field Low to moderate traffic conditions Use a baseline and adjust it (BFFS) FFS = free-flow speed (mph) BFFS base free-flow speed, 60 mph is typically used fLW adjustment for lane width (mph) fLC adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph) fM adjustment for median type (mph) fA adjustment for access points (mph)

Lane Width Adjustment (fLW) Multilane Highway LOS Lane Width Adjustment (fLW) Base condition (fLW = 0) Average width of 12 ft. or wider across all lanes Same as Freeway LOS From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC) Multilane Highway LOS Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC) Base condition (fLC = 0) 12 ft or greater TLC LCL = 6 ft for undivided highways (accounted for in median type adjustment) LCL = 6 ft for two-way left-turn lanes Measured from the edge of the paved shoulder to the nearest edge of the traveled lane No adjustments for left side From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Median Adjustment (fM) Multilane Highway LOS Median Adjustment (fM) Base condition (fM = 0) Divided highway From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Access-Point Density Adjustment (fA) Multilane Highway LOS Access-Point Density Adjustment (fA) For each access point/mi FFS decreases by 0.25 mph Base condition (fA = 0) 0 access points per mile For NAPM ≤ 40: fA = 0.25 × NAPM For NAPM > 40: fA = 10 3 miles upstream and 3 miles downstream From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determining Flow Rate Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr Multilane Highway LOS Determining Flow Rate Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl) V hourly volume (veh/hr) PHF peak hour factor N number of lanes in one direction fHV heavy-vehicle adjustment factor fP driver population adjustment factor You measure or are given V Same as Freeway LOS

Heavy Vehicle Adjustment (fHV) Multilane Highway LOS Heavy Vehicle Adjustment (fHV) Base condition (fHV = 1.0) No heavy vehicles Heavy vehicle = trucks, buses, RVs Two-step process Determine passenger-car equivalents (ET) Determine fHV 3 miles upstream and 3 miles downstream Same as Freeway LOS

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Multilane Highway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Extended segments method Determine the type of terrain and select ET No one grade of 3% or more is longer than 0.5 miles OR No one grade of less than 3% is longer than 1 mile Level = any combo of alignments permitting heavy vehicles to maintain approximately the same speed as passenger cars. Generally includes short grades of no more than 2% Rolling = causes heavy vehicles to reduce speed substantially below passenger cars but does not cause them to operate at their limiting speed for the given terrain for any significant length of time or at frequent intervals Mountainous = causes heavy vehicles to operate at their limiting speed for significant distances or at frequent intervals From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Multilane Highway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Specific grades method Any grade of 3% or more that is longer than 0.5 miles OR Any grade of less than 3% that is longer than 1 mile No RVs for downgrades From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Multilane Highway LOS Same as Freeway LOS From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Multilane Highway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Same as Freeway LOS

Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Multilane Highway LOS Passenger-Car Equivalents (ET) Composite grades method Determines the effect of a series of steep grades in succession Method OK if… All subsection grades are less than 4% OR Total length of composite grade is less than 4000 ft. Otherwise, use a detailed technique in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) No RVs for downgrades Same as Freeway LOS From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine fHV Multilane Highway LOS Same as Freeway LOS fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor ET, ER Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs PT, PR Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream Same as Freeway LOS

Driver Population Adjustment (fP) Multilane Highway LOS Driver Population Adjustment (fP) Base condition (fP = 1.0) Most drivers are familiar with the route Commuter drivers Typical values between 0.85 and 1.00 Same as Freeway LOS

Determine Average PC Speed (S) Multilane Highway LOS Determine Average PC Speed (S) Use vp and FFS curve to find average passenger car speed (S) Interpolation is OK 75 mph is dashed because is was extrapolated from the 70 mph curve From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine Average PC Speed (S) Multilane Highway LOS Determine Average PC Speed (S) For 55 < FFS ≤ 60 mph AND vp > 1400 For 50 < FFS ≤ 55 mph AND vp > 1400 For 55 < FFS ≤ 75 mph AND vp < (3400 – 30FFS) For vp < 1400

Determine LOS Multilane Highway LOS Use vp and passenger car speed (S) Interpolation is OK 75 mph is dashed because is was extrapolated from the 70 mph curve From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Determine Density Calculate density using: Multilane Highway LOS D = density (pc/mi/ln) vp flow rate (pc/hr/ln) S average passenger-car speed (mph)

LOS Criteria for Multilane Highways Multilane Highway LOS LOS Criteria for Multilane Highways Usually you can easily tell from the graph but it’s a good idea to check here Density defines LOS! From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

Design Traffic Volumes

Design Traffic Volumes Need to select the appropriate hourly traffic volume to get the design LOS

Definitions Annual average daily traffic (AADT) Annual traffic averaged on a daily basis Design hourly volume (DHV) Traffic volume used for design calculations Typically between the 10th and 50th highest volume hour of the year (30th highest is most common) K-factor Relationship between AADT and DHV

Definitions Directional distribution factor (D) Factor reflecting the proportion of peak-hour traffic traveling in the peak direction Often there is much more traffic in one direction than the other Directional design-hour volume (DDHV)

Typical Graph Highest 100 Hourly Volumes Over a One-Year Period for a Typical Roadway 0.15 0.14 0.13 Hourly volume as a proportion of AADT 0.12 0.11 0.10 20 40 60 80 100 Number of hours (annually) with specified or greater volumes

WSDOT Graphs

Primary References Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition. Chapter 6 Transportation Research Board. (2000). Highway Capacity Manual 2000. National Research Council, Washington, D.C.