Ketamine and depression

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Ketamine and depression K. Hirota, D.G. Lambert British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 121, Issue 6, Pages 1198-1202 (December 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.08.020 Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Potential mechanism(s) of antidepressant effects of ketamine. → and ⇨: rapid antidepressant actions; ⇢ and ⇢: delayed antidepressant actions; ↓: inhibition or decrease; ↑: activation or increase. Akt/PKB, protein kinase-B; AP-1, activator protein-1; BDNF, brain-derived neurotropic factor; eEF2, eukaryotic elongation factor-2; ERK, extracellular signalling related kinase; GABAergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HCN1, hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NaSSA, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NDRI, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SNRI, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; TrkB, tyrosine-related kinase-B. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018 121, 1198-1202DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.08.020) Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions