Mastering the most dreaded maneuver in flight training Prof. H. Paul Shuch, Ph.D., CFII LSRM-A/GL/WSC/PPC, iRMT Heavy Chief Flight Instructor, Director of Maintenance, AvSport of Lock Haven FAA Safety Team Lead Representative, Piper Memorial Airport, Lock Haven PA Presentation Copyright © 2018

A FAASTeam Wings Award Safety Webinar Presentation Copyright © 2018

Brought to you by: Experimental Aircraft Association AvSport of Lock Haven Aircraft Spruce and Specialty Company Your FAA Safety Team Presentation Copyright © 2018

RATIONALE: Stalls are undoubtedly the most feared maneuver in the flight training curriculum. They are also an essential element of every single flight, in that an aircraft cannot land if its wing is still developing lift. In this FAA Safety Team Wings webinar, you'll learn how to love stalling the airplane just inches above the runway, while avoiding that dreaded stall/spin accident. Presentation Copyright © 2018

OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this webinar, you will: Understand and master critical angle of attack Explain how wings stall at any speed, in any attitude Practice approach-to-landing stalls to master the flare Practice power-on stalls to avoid inadvertent spins Convert a power-on to a power-off stall to aid recovery Avoid spins by ensuring that both wings stall equally Demonstrate safe stall and spin recovery procedures Presentation Copyright © 2018

Caveat: Disclaimer: Waiver: The procedures shown here are used successfully by one particular instructor, in one particular aircraft. They may not apply in your situation. Disclaimer: Nothing in this presentation should be considered a substitute for adequate dual training, conducted by an appropriately rated flight instructor familiar with your particular aircraft. Waiver: By viewing this presentation, you understand and agree that: Flying is a sport There is risk associated with all sports You accept that risk Presentation Copyright © 2018

Aerodynamics - How the wing lifts Bernoulli’s Principle: As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. The accelerated air above the wing exerts less pressure on the wing than the un-accelerated air below it. Presentation Copyright © 2018

Aerodynamics - How the wing lifts Air flow over the wing creates downwash, the pushing of air down creates a lifting force. The direct deflection of air downwards off of the lower surface of the wing also creates a resulting lifting force upward. Presentation Copyright © 2018

Stall: automotive definition The engine quits under load Presentation Copyright © 2018

Stall: aerodyamic definition The wing stops developing lift Presentation Copyright © 2018

Common Stall Myths You can’t stall without pulling the nose up You only stall when you go too slow Stall speed is a constant number You won’t stall if you stay above stall speed To recover from a stall, you must add power Failure to recover from a stall leads to a spin Presentation Copyright © 2018

Cord Line Relative Wind Angle of Attack Airflow Separation Recovery Anatomy of a Stall Cord Line Relative Wind Angle of Attack Airflow Separation Recovery Presentation Copyright © 2018

Anatomy of a Stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Anatomy of a Stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Critical Angle of Attack Can Be Exceeded In Any Flight Attitude! Presentation Copyright © 2018

Doh! Presentation Copyright © 2018

The engine quits under load The airspeed gets too low A stall occurs when: The engine quits under load The airspeed gets too low Critical Angle of Attack is exceeded The nose gets too high A spin develops Presentation Copyright © 2018

“OK, now we’re going to do stalls!” Presentation Copyright © 2018

Approach-to-landing stall Takeoff and departure stall Three Types of Stall: Approach-to-landing stall often called a Power-Off Stall Takeoff and departure stall often called a Power-On Stall Accelerated Stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

The Approach-to-Landing Stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Glider and Stall Practice Power off stall practice simulates an approach to landing, followed by a flare So, the purpose of power off stalls is to learn how to flare properly If you don’t stall, you can’t land! Some pilots believe they can stay safe by never stalling They’re still up there! Presentation Copyright © 2018

The Approach-to-Landing Stall Power reduction Glide established Stretching the glide Stall recognition Stall recovery Presentation Copyright © 2018

Quiz time! Presentation Copyright © 2018

Power-off stalls are used to simulate takeoff rotation landing flare slow flight go-around touch-and-go Presentation Copyright © 2018

Power-off stalls are used to simulate takeoff rotation landing flare slow flight go-around touch-and-go Presentation Copyright © 2018

Takeoff and Departure Stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Takeoff and Departure Stall Establishing a climbout Over-rotation Obstacle clearance Stall recognition Stall recovery Presentation Copyright © 2018

To go down, pull stick way back. To go up, pull stick back. To go down, pull stick way back. Presentation Copyright © 2018

Departure Stall Recovery Reduce power Reduce angle of attack Rudder to keep wings level Add climb-out power Establish best climb speed Presentation Copyright © 2018

Another Question! Presentation Copyright © 2018

The first step in recovery from a power-on stall should be to Level the wings Lower the nose Add full power Convert it to a power-off stall Pull back on the stick Presentation Copyright © 2018

The first step in recovery from a power-on stall should be to Level the wings Lower the nose Add full power Convert it to a power-off stall Pull back on the stick Presentation Copyright © 2018

Accelerated stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Abrupt control changes Secondary stalls Accelerated stall Load factor Bank angle Abrupt control changes Secondary stalls Presentation Copyright © 2018

Accelerated stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Accelerated stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Accelerated stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Secondary stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

I know this one! Presentation Copyright © 2018

Happens at lower than normal airspeed Occurs only during a steep turn An accelerated stall Happens at lower than normal airspeed Occurs only during a steep turn Is another name for a secondary stall Can occur with little warning Results in little altitude loss Presentation Copyright © 2018

Happens at lower than normal airspeed Occurs only during a steep turn An accelerated stall Happens at lower than normal airspeed Occurs only during a steep turn Is another name for a secondary stall Can occur with little warning Results in little altitude loss Presentation Copyright © 2018

Spin Avoidance and Recovery Presentation Copyright © 2018

Spin Avoidance and Recovery Torque affects Power reduction Breaking the stall Stopping the rotation Flying out of the dive Presentation Copyright © 2018

To go down, pull stick way back. To go up, pull stick back. To go down, pull stick way back. Presentation Copyright © 2018

Necessary Conditions for a Spin Critical angle of attack exceeded One wing stalls first Asymmetrical lift Aggravated by torque Presentation Copyright © 2018

Overshooting turn to final Presentation Copyright © 2018

Overshooting turn to final Presentation Copyright © 2018

Spin Recovery Technique Remove excess torque Break the stall Stop the rotation Level the wings Recover from power off stall Presentation Copyright © 2018

Final Question! Presentation Copyright © 2018

You overshoot the turn to final One wing stalls before the other A spin can occur when You overshoot the turn to final One wing stalls before the other The aircraft is cross-controlled You initiate a go-around without rudder Any of the above Presentation Copyright © 2018

You overshoot the turn to final One wing stalls before the other A spin can occur when You overshoot the turn to final One wing stalls before the other The aircraft is cross-controlled You initiate a go-around without rudder Any of the above Presentation Copyright © 2018

Final Safety Thoughts Practice at an adequate altitude Ailerons lose effectiveness Steer with your feet If all else fails, let go Don’t spin unless approved in aircraft Presentation Copyright © 2018

Respect All Placards! Presentation Copyright © 2018

Caveat: Disclaimer: Waiver: The procedures shown here are used successfully by one particular instructor, in one particular aircraft. They may not apply in your situation. Disclaimer: Nothing in this presentation should be considered a substitute for adequate dual training, conducted by an appropriately rated flight instructor familiar with your particular aircraft. Waiver: By viewing this presentation, you understand and agree that: Flying is a sport There is risk associated with all sports You accept that risk Presentation Copyright © 2018

Presentation Copyright © 2018