GY 112 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY.

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Presentation transcript:

GY 112 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

What does Historical Geology deal with? Earth’s origin and evolution Changes in the distribution of lands and seas, Growth and reduction of mountains, and Succession of animals and plants through time

Why is Historical Geology important? The present is the key to the past: It allows us to learn from past mistakes and make plans for the future It provides insight into catastrophic events occurring in the past that resulted in mass extinctions and climatic changes, and It helps to explain the formation and location of natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, and energy resources

Three Great Themes in Earth History Deep Time Evolution of Earth’s Nonliving Features Evolution of Earth’s Life

REVIEW OF GY 111 CONCEPTS

EARTH FORMATION Theories Big Bang Nebula Theory

EARTH FORMATION Time Universe Age: 13.82 Billion Years Earth Age: 4.54 Billion Years

EARTH FORMATION Universe Organization Universe Galaxies Stars Solar Systems Planets Moons Asteroids Meteoroids

EARTH FORMATION Earth’s Stages of Development Stage 1 – Initial Formation (Molten State, Moon Formation) Hadean Eon (4.52 – 4.2 bya) Stage 2 – Lithosphere (Land), Hydrosphere (Water), Atmosphere (Air) Archean Eon (4.2 – 2.5 bya) Stage 3 – Ancient Life (Oxygen Poor Environment) - Microbes Proterozoic (2.5 – 0.542 bya) Stage 4 – Modern Life (Oxygen Introduced) – Our present time Phanerozoic (0.542 bya – Present)

EARTH’S CHARACTERISTICS Subsurface Features Compositional Layers Crust (silicon/oxygen) Mantle (magnesium) Core (nickle/iron) Structural Layers Lithosphere (Solid) Asthenosphere (Putty) Mesosphere (Solid) Outer Core (Liquid) Inner Core (Solid)

EARTH’S CHARACTERISTICS Surface Features – “Geomorphology” Mountains Landforms Deserts Karst Topography Valleys Beaches Etc.

EARTH’S COMPOSITION Chemistry Silicon & Oxygen (2 major elements) Minerals Rocks Classified based on composition and texture Soil Note: Minerals and rocks can be considered nonliving fossils, providing clues as to the location and processes involved in their formation.

EARTH’S PROCESSES Constructive Processes Destructive Processes Mountain Building (Referred to as “Orogenic Events”) Volcanism Earthquakes Destructive Processes Weathering & Erosion

EARTH’S MECHANISMS Plate Tectonics Responsible for Earthquakes, Volcanism, and Orogenic Events. Involves the creation and recycling of Earth’s Crustal Material

THE END

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