Carbohydrate You will need to memorize the structures of the following monosaccharides: نضع D عندما تكون OH الموجودة فوق CH2OH في ناحية اليمين.

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Presentation transcript:

Carbohydrate You will need to memorize the structures of the following monosaccharides: نضع D عندما تكون OH الموجودة فوق CH2OH في ناحية اليمين وتعني Dextro اى ان اتجاه انحراف الضوء في اتجاه عقارب الساعة.

L Levo: وتكون في المركبات التي بها OH قبل الأخيرة في اتجاه الشمال L Levo: وتكون في المركبات التي بها OH قبل الأخيرة في اتجاه الشمال. يلاحظ آن عدد isomers في السكريات الأحادية = 2n حيث n هي عدد asymmetric carbons.

II. Glucose Structure elucidation of glucose: 1- Molecular formulae C6H12O6 2- The reaction indicate that glucose contain carbonyl groups

3- Mild oxidation of glucose with bromine water gives gluconic acid, also glucose gives positive with tollen’s reagent, this means that glucose contains –CHO group. 4- Mild oxidation of glucose gives gluconic acid

5-Strong oxidation gives glucaric acid (sacchric acid) This reaction indicates that glucose contain terminal primary alcohol

6- The above reaction showed that glucose is not branched

7- The reaction shows that glucose contains five –OH groups

8- glucose react with HCN to give cyanohydrin which gives heptanoic acid on hydrolysis followed by heating with HI

From above reactions, glucose has the following structure. لاحظ أن التفاعلات السابقة بالإضافة كونها تعتبر إثبات لتركيبGlucose فإنها تكتب أيضا في حالة طلب تفاعلات Glucose ويضاف إليها تفاعل تكوين Osazone وأيضا التفاعلات التي يتم فيها تحويل الجلوكوز إلى سكريات أخرى .

Action of phenylhydrazine on glucose and fructose (formation of Osazone): (A) Glucose

(B) Fructose

Question: write on the following: Action of phenylhydrazine on glucose. Glucose and fructose give the same osazone. Complete the following equation: Glucose + 3 PhNHNH2

Conversion of glucose to fructose or conversion of aldoses to ketoses