Making a nation : Frontier wars and the Stolen Generation 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Making a nation : Frontier wars and the Stolen Generation Learning intention: SWBAT explain the characteristics of frontier conflicts between Indigenous Australians and European settlers SWBAT define the term "stolen generation" and discuss whether it should be considered an example of genocide Success Criteria: Take 10 or more dot point notes on slides explaining early settler and Indigenous conflict Write down three questions you have about the stolen generations Answer four questions summarising an indigenous massacre Take at least 10 dot point notes on the Stolen Generations Read an article and write for 10-15 minutes in response to a discussion style question

20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Success criteria Take 10 or more dot point notes on slides explaining early settler and Indigenous conflict Write down three questions you have about the stolen generations Answer four questions summarising an indigenous massacre Take at least 10 dot point notes on the Stolen Generations Read an article and write for 10-15 minutes in response to a discussion style question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPPaZU18rUg

20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Frontier wars The Australian Frontier wars refer to conflicts between early European Settlers and Indigenous Australians. The term frontier in this context means “the extreme limit of settled land beyond which lies wilderness” Although the Europeans considered the land beyond their settlement nothing but wilderness, Indigenous Australians already lived on this land and had a very strong connection to it.

Frontier wars Initially, European settlement began on the east coast. 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Frontier wars Initially, European settlement began on the east coast. Gradually, however, explorers began making long and dangerous expeditions inland. Whenever the explorers found suitable and for farming, settlers would follow them. As explorers and settlers kept pushing further inland, they continued to move into Aboriginal Tribal areas European settlement 1836.

20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Frontier wars As they moved inland, there was often open conflict as Aboriginal people tried to protect their land. Misunderstandings on both sides made this worse Europeans viewed indigenous people as inferior and as primitive natives who needed their help to be “civilised” Indigenous Australians had no knowledge of European values and their concept of land ownership

The nature of the conflict 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 The nature of the conflict Indigenous Australians often used guerrilla tactics to defend themselves and their land Guerrilla tactics involve a small group of combatants use irregular military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids,, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military Even if these tactics were successful for Indigenous Australians, they often result in a violent reaction from the settlers. Groups of settlers or mounted police would hunt down the Aborigines In many cases, this would result in the massacre of innocent Aborigines, who had played no part in the initial attack

The nature of the conflict 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 The nature of the conflict Indigenous Australians had no weapons to match the European Guns, nor could they organise themselves in sufficient numbers to oppose the continuing expansion of European settlement. Remember, Indigenous Australians were divided into hundres of different nations, meaning it was not easy for them to organise and work together against the Europeans

The Stolen Generations 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 The Stolen Generations What are the Stolen Generations? The Stolen Generations refers to: Aboriginal people forcefully taken away (stolen) from their families between the 1890s and 1970. Where were the children taken? Children were taken to girls and boys ‘homes’, foster families or missions Why were they taken? In taking children, European Australians stole Aboriginal people’s future. Language, tradition, knowledge, dances and spirituality could only live if passed on to their children. In breaking this circle of life white people hoped to end Aboriginal culture within a short time.

The Stolen Generations 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 The Stolen Generations Why were they taken (continued…) White Australians claimed this was necessary to “civilise” Indigenous Australians. White Australians also justified it by claiming children had to be removed from their families because Indigenous Australians were unable to care for their children. It was thought that if Aboriginals could be assimilated with White Australians, then they would marry and breed with White Australians. After a few generations, the Aboriginals would breed-out and be completely assimilated with White Australians.

The Stolen Generations 20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 The Stolen Generations What happened to them? The stolen children were raised on missions or by foster parents, totally cut off from their Aboriginality. They were severely punished when caught talking their Aboriginal language. Some children never learned anything traditional and received little or no education. Instead the girls were trained to be domestic servants, the boys to be stockmen. Many of the stolen girls and boys were physically, emotionally and sexually abused. Many babies born to girls raped by white men were also taken away from them, sometimes as soon as they were born

20th Century, Unit 2: 1945-Now, Year 11 Date: 7/12/2018 Genocide Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group (Source: UN, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article II)