#47 Chapter 9 Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal: OBJECTIVE: Understand how and why President Roosevelt was successful in promoting reforms.

I. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Upton Sinclair- muckraker of early 1900s. Sinclair’s book The Jungle exposes the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry. The difficulties of immigrant life (Lithuanians in Chicago) is also examined in the book.

II. A Rough-Riding President Theodore Roosevelt rose through NY politics to become Governor. NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for vice-president.

II. Cont… President McKinley shot; Roosevelt became president at 42. His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern presidency. Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems. Square Deal- Roosevelt’s progressive reforms.

III. Using Federal Power By 1900, trusts control 4/5 of U.S. industries. Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest. He wanted to maintain competition in business. Breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act. A trust is a legal arrangement in which the voting stock of different companies is brought together under the direction of a board of trustees, which then issues trust certificates in exchange for all the shares or a controlling number of shares of the individual companies. This arrangement permits the trustees to manage and direct a group of companies in a unified way, in effect, creating a single firm out of competing firms.

III. Cont… Railroad Regulation Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control railroad abuses. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) has the power to enforce legislation regulating railroad rates. VS.

IV. Health and Environment Roosevelt’s commission investigates unsanitary conditions in meatpacking; backs up Sinclair’s account. Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act: Dictates sanitary requirements Creates federal meat inspection program.

IV. Cont… Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe. Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine. Requires truth in labeling.

IV. Cont.. Roosevelt’s greatest contribution to the reform movement of the Progressive era was… conservationism. Sets aside forest preserves, sanctuaries, and national parks.

V. Roosevelt and Civil Rights Roosevelt, nor Progressives support civil rights for African-Americans. Why??? Supports individual African Americans in civil service. NAACP--- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois and black & white reformers. The Crisis is the official magazine of the NAACP.