Cellular Biology Chapter 3
The cell theory
So what is a cell?
Characteristics of animal cells plasma membrane cytoplasm organelles ribosomes cytoskeleton DNA*
Cell parts: plasma membrane Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Embedded molecules of the plasma membrane Carbohydrates: Lipids (cholesterol): Proteins
Cellular junctions between cells Allows for cell to cell communication and to adhere to each other ADHESION JUNCTION
Movement of molecules across a plasma membrane Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis & exocytosis
Diffusion
Osmosis
Water balance between a cell & its environment Tonicity: Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution
Active transport
Moving large molecules across a plasma membrane Exocytosis Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Cells do a lot of work! Actively transport substances across membranes Build membranes & associated proteins Build macromolecules from smaller components Move cellular parts w/in the cell Move the whole cell Maintain homeostasis ****This all takes energy!****
Two types of energy Kinetic: Potential:
Energy coupling
So, what is ATP?
Splitting of ATP
Phosphorylation
Can cells use less energy?? Yes!
How enzymes work The making of a product
Enzymes are substrate specific
Mitosis
Death is part of a cell life cycle programmed cell death, called apoptosis