Minerals, Rocks, Aggregates, Metals Physical Resources Minerals, Rocks, Aggregates, Metals

Mining methods e.g large open cast Unsustainable Methods Mining methods e.g large open cast Mining the Resources Ore processing – requires huge energy inputs and produces large volumes of waste

Consequences Land Disturbance Subsidence Water Pollution Acid Mine Drainage Mining the Resources Dust and Noise Pollution Habitat Loss Larger energy inputs

Mining the Resources Locally- Nationally- Methods to increase sustainability Locally- Landscaping Water sprays Baffle Mounds Timing – blasting and transporting resources in daylight hours Leachate Collection Acid Neutralisation Mining the Resources Nationally- Quotas- Reduces the extraction and over use of limited resources Internationally- Benefaction – the upgrading of a resource that was previously considered to be too costly to extract. Relieves pressure on other resources Development of new technologies e.g gravity and seismic surveys to accurately detect resources

Resource wastage Unnecessary use Over consumption Using the Resources Unsustainable Methods Resource wastage Unnecessary use Using the Resources Over consumption

Consequences Resource depletion Using the Resources Deeper mines Increase in cost Search for resources in new, undisturbed areas Using the Resources Deeper mines Lower grade ores

Using the Resources Locally- Nationally- Methods to increase sustainability Locally- Recycling- If organised efficiently, it can reduce the demand on fresh deposits of resources. New technologies have also made it possible to recovery waste Nationally- Using the Resources Maximisation – the use of a variety of methods to avoid waste and increase production of a resource Internationally- Substitution e.g replacing lead for graphite in pencils or tungsten for LED lightbulbs Rationing- Last resort management strategy but could become a reality in future if consumption remains at the current rate e.g the Second World War