Traditions & Encounters PowerPoint Presentation Materials Traditions & Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 6th Edition Jerry H. Bentley Herbert F. Ziegler PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Before History Chapter 1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Forming the Complex Society Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Prehistory and History What is “history”? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens “Big geography” humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to tundra. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Natural Environment By about 15,000 years ago, Homo sapiens in every habitable region of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut-like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunting pushed several animals to extinction Climatic change may have accelerated process Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Paleolithic Society Paleolithic era: “old stone age” Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Division of labor along gender lines Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Relative Social and Gender Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones Required planning, communication Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society Modern-day Israel and Lebanon Wild wheat, herding Jomon society Central Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society Pacific northwest of North America Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of several hundred or more Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Neandertal Peoples Neander valley, western Germany Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Creativity of Homo sapiens Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear-throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces, and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature “Venus” figurines Cave paintings Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Neolithic Era Neolithic era: “new stone age” Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished Global climate change Conditions unreliable until after last ice age Led to the development of more complex economic and social systems Start Here! Nomad vs. Neolithic: Nomads- Follow the food, foragers, egalitarian, pastoralists, few possessions, tied to nature Neolithic: agriculturalists, communities, permanence, land ownership, identity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Transition to Agriculture Reliance on cultivation for subsistence Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging Spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another Neolithic: New Stones Age Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture Started in Fertile Crescent with peas, lentils, and goats People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals Pastoralism developed in Afro-Eurasian grasslands, affeting the environment in a variety of ways Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Agriculture and Population Growth Sustainable population Population pressure leads to larger settlements Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Early Agricultural Society Emergence of villages and towns Jericho Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük—a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250–5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts Pottery, metallurgy, and textile production What makes a village different from a city? Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Social Distinctions Accumulation of landed wealth initiated development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production, drastically affecting envrionmental diversity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural world—an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Origins of Urban Life Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers Emergence of cities—a gradual process Innovation not diffusion, several places simultaneously Irrigation, walls, wheels, metallurgy, bureaucracy, armies, diplomats, centralization, record keeping/writing Sumer- first city Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.