Journal 4/19 REVIEW your notes from Friday’s reading, and be able to explain how these work: (These are guaranteed questions on our next quiz!) Initiative Direct Primary Referendum Recall What is the goal of the game “Monopoly”?

From the Gilded Age to the Progressive Era How did the problems of the Gilded Age lead to change?

The Gilded Age The time period (about 1880-1900) when the U.S. experienced huge growth of industry and wealth.

Industrialization The development of industries (think factories) and mass production on a large scale.

Benefits of Industrialization More money for the U.S. economy as a whole More money for the leaders of businesses A newly-established middle class of factory managers and businessmen More job opportunities for people

Problems with Industrialization Major, rapid growth of cities (called urbanization) leads to Terrible working conditions Terrible living conditions (crowded, unsanitary, unsafe) Corruption (government officials taking bribes, using intimidation, violence, etc)

Monopolies The aim of many businesses in the late 1800s was to eliminate competition and dominate a particular area of the economy. Monopoly: Complete possession or control of the supply or trade in a good or a service

Trusts A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly

Changes in the way we worked and where we worked Many people moved to cities to get factory jobs!

Injustice, Exposed! Several of the injustices that occurred during the early 1900s were exposed by journalists called muckrakers. It was this exposure that lead directly to the progressive era.

What do you think this cartoon represents? What is happening in the arena? In the background? Would it be easier to replace a craftsman who makes goods by hand or an industrial laborer? Why? monopoloy labor

Life for the Workforce

Mulberry Street Bend, 1889

5-Cent Lodgings

Men’s Lodgings

Women’s Lodgings

Immigrant Family Lodgings

Dumbbell Tenement Plan Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC

Italian-American Rag-Picker

1890s ”Morgue” – Basement Saloon

”Bandits’ Roost”

Mullen’s Alley ”Gang”

The Street Was Their Playground

Lower East Side Immigrant Family

A Struggling Immigrant Family

Another Struggling Immigrant Family

”Black & Tan” Saloon

Child Labor

Child Labor

The Jungle In 1906, no one was required to inspect meat that was sold to the American public. Public reaction to Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle was a major factor in the passage of the 1907 Meat Inspection Act, which established a system of meat inspection that lasted until July 1996, when the federal government announced new rules requiring more scientifically advanced methods of meat inspection.

Chicago Stockyards 1906

Slaughter House Floor

Meat Cleaver

Women Generally Worked as Packers

Journal Should employees be able to demand certain things of their employers? What rights should workers have? What can workers do if they feel they are being treated unfairly? How is life in an urban area different from life in the country?

Labor Unions Periodic unemployment and poor working conditions were a fact of life for workers Employers held enormous power over the lives of their workers and could lower wages and fire employees at will. To improve conditions, increasing numbers of American workers formed labor unions. Labor Unions: an organized group of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs” P. R. campaign Pinkertons lockout blacklisting yellow-dog contracts court injunctions boycotts sympathy demonstrations informational picketing organized strikes “wildcat” strikes

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Corporate Pinkerton Agents Pinkertons = labor spies trying to stop unionization of companies.

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

Several Early Unions Helped To Advance the Cause of Labor

An injury to one is the concern of all! Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

Goals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday. Workers’ cooperatives. Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child labor. Increased circulation of greenbacks. Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the Workers Catered to the skilled worker. Represented workers in matters of national legislation. Maintained a national strike fund. Evangelized the cause of unionism. Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. Mediated disputes between management and labor.

2. How is it different than the One we looked at earlier? 1. What is this cartoon trying to say? 2. How is it different than the One we looked at earlier?

Labor Union Membership