Pup 1 Pup 2 Pup 3 Pup 4 Pup 5 Pup 6 Pup 7 Pup 8 13.1 Mother 1 Mother 2 Pup 1 Pup 2 Pup 3 Pup 4 Pup 5 Pup 6 Pup 7 Pup 8 Original litter Cross-fostered litter

Demonstrator eats food marked with flavor A 13.2 Phase 1: Demonstrator Phase 2: Training Choice Test: Observer Demonstrator eats food marked with flavor A Observer interacts with demonstrator Observer prefers flavor A over flavor B A B

Morpholine + alarm substance: experienced and naïve fish 13.3 Morpholine alone: no response Morpholine + alarm substance: swimming to bottom experienced and naïve fish swim to bottom Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

13.4

13.5

13.6

13.7

13.8 (a) (b)

(a) (b) (c) (g) (f) (e) (d) Short Long Microsatellite exon I intron 13.9 (a) Microsatellite exon I intron exon II (b) (c) (g) (f) (e) (d) Short Long

13.10 Male Female

13.11 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e)

Physical Attractiveness 13.12 Underweight Normal weight Overweight Physical Attractiveness Most Least

13.13 (a) (b)

13.14

Fission along kinship lines 13.15 (a) (b) (c) Fission along kinship lines Eusocial Stage Subsocial Stage Group + kin selection selection Kin

13.16