TRANSPORT FOR THE POOR: THE CASE OF METRO MANILA DR. PRIMITIVO C. CAL Former Professor, School of Urban & Regional Planning, University of the Philippines & Former President, Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION Geographic and Socio-economic profile of Metro Manila Metro Manila Transportation System The poor as transport users The poor as transport providers Conclusion

MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES Metro Manila

CHARACTERISTICS: Land Area: 636 sq.km. Population: 10.8 (2005) Per capita Income: $1,200 pa (2003) % of Poor Families (4.8%)

Road Map of Metro Manila C-5 C-4 C-1 C-2 C-3 C-6 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-10 R-9 R-8 Road Map of Metro Manila Source: Roads in the Philippines, 2003, Department of Public Works and Highways and Japan International Cooperation Agency 2006 ROAD LENGTHS, km: Nat. roads - 1,000 Expressway - 37 Local - 2,366 Private - 1,639 Total 5,043

RAIL NETWORK MRT8 Legend: Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 3/12/2008 3:23 PM REP/RAIL TPD 11 MRT8 Legend: Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 PNR Southrail PNR Northrail RAIL NETWORK

PUBLIC TRANSPORT Tricycles: 57,720 (2008) Pedicabs

PUBLIC TRANSPORT Jeepneys: 58,215 (2008) Buses: 5,988 (2008)

PUBLIC TRANSPORT AUV Express: 9,606 (2008) Taxi: 22,345 (2008)

Traffic Demand by Mode of Transportation in Metro Manila, 1996 Source: MMUTIS Data

Bus Stop Segregation Scheme Bus Only Lanes Yellow Box Others Existing Traffic Management Measures in Metro Manila Urban Traffic Control Traffic Restraint U-turn schemes Reversible Lane Bus Stop Segregation Scheme Bus Only Lanes Yellow Box Others

Impact on the Poor Level of Service Economic Impact Social Impact Environmental/Safety Impact

Public Transport Hierarchy Taxi Jeepney FX Tamaraw Pedicab Tricycle Source: MMUTIS Data

Bus Philippine National Railway Minibus Source: MMUTIS Data

Light Rail Transit Line 1 Metro Rail Transit 3 Light Rail Transit Line 1 Source: MMUTIS Data

TRANSPORT TERMINALS Source: MMUTIS Data LEGEND Jeepney Service Coverage Jeepney Terminal Source: MMUTIS Data

Waiting Time of Bus Passengers Source: D. L. Guariño, Master Thesis, “Consolidation of Bus Companies in Metro Manila”

Attitude on Bus Level of Service Source: D. L. Guariño, Master Thesis, “Consolidation of Bus Companies in Metro Manila”

FARE RATES LRT/MRT: P10-15 ($0.02/km) Bus : P9 min. ($0.04/km) Jeepney : P7.50 min. ($0.03/km) Taxi : P30 Flagdown plus P2.50/300 m AUV : P7 min ($0.03/km) $1.00=P47.00

Perception on Fare Source: D. L. Guariño, Master Thesis, “Consolidation of Bus Companies in Metro Manila”

Willingness to Pay for More Source: D. L. Guariño, Master Thesis, “Consolidation of Bus Companies in Metro Manila”

Economic Impact of Congestion in Metro Manila 100 billion pesos per year (year 1996 pesos) - a conservative estimate prepared by NCTS for NEDA and LEDAC (Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) in 2000. This represents value-of-time costs only due to delay, calculated based on 50% of average hourly income across different occupation classes - classes considered were Gov’t Officials, Professionals, Technicians, Clerical Workers and Services workers based on MMUTIS classifications

EMPLOYMENT GENERATION Type of PUV Est. No. of Units No. of persons/unit Est. No. Employed Bus 5,988 2.1 12,575 Jeepney 58,215 1.2 69,858 Tricycle 57,720 1 Taxi 22,345 2.5 55,862 AUV 9,606 TOTAL 205,621 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

Time Spent by Truck Drivers on Sleeping Source: J. Punzalan, Master Thesis, “The Impact of Truck Ban on the Trucking Industry in Metro Manila”

Time Spent by Truck Drivers on Family/Personal Activities Source: J. Punzalan, Master Thesis, “The Impact of Truck Ban on the Trucking Industry in Metro Manila”

Concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)

2002 Statistics Philippines MetroManila Number % Area, sq.km. (x1000) 294.55 0.636 0.22 Population (million) 79.48 10.76 13.5 Roads, km. (x1000) 161 4.8 3.0 Vehicle Registration(million) 3.98 1.33 33.4 Driver's License(million) 1.93 0.57 29.6 Number of Driver Apprehensions(x1000) 612 162 26.5 Fatalities 714 240 33.6 % of nighttime accidents 30 60 (fatal) 40 (non-fatal) --- Source: Sigua, R.G.(2004), Philippine Road Safety Workshop

Vehicle Involvement (2001) Place of Occurrence (2001) Vehicle Involvement (2001) Source: Sigua, R.G(2004), Philippine Road Safety Workshop

CONCLUSION The poor is relatively well served by the public transport system but level of service affected by traffic congestion Fares are affordable but LRT operations highly subsidized The transport system provides significant number of jobs for the poor The poor is exposed to air pollution and other health hazards particularly the drivers and crew of public transport vehicles Poor road safety

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