KINGDOMS OF LIFE Taxonomy

C17 Learning Targets Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity. C17.1 The History of Classification 17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

C17.1 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. 2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature. 3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

TAXONOMY: the science of classification Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”) “Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS PLANTS ANIMALS Trees Shrubs Herbs In Water In the Air On Land

Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1707-1778

Classification of Life Modern Taxonomy Classification of Life

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two word naming system Genus - first word Species - second word Describes a characteristic of the organism Latin is the language used (some Greek) (Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS 0RDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES “Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Taxonomy, Classification of Organisms (Queen Nerdling) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=simuz_A--DY (14:21 min)

C17.1 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. 2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature. 3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

C17.2 Modern Classification Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.

HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED: STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BREEDING BEHAVIOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA PHYLOGENY Evolutionary Tree PHYLOGENY - EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY CLADISTICS - INHERITED TRAITS FROM ANCESTORS CLADISTICS The Cladistic Method Cladograms MODE OF NUTRITION PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE

Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

The Three Domains of Life 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The Three Domains of Life (7:28 min)

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE PLANTS ANIMALS FUNGI PROTISTS EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA Glencoe textbook link

KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs/ photosynthesis Cell walls (made of cellulose) Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores Found on all types of land

KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular Eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs Cell membranes Specialized cells Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm Found everywhere

KINGDOM FUNGI Multicellular (most) Eukaryotes Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) Cell walls (made of chitin) Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores Found in damp, dark environments

KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae) Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike Sexual and/or asexual reproduction Found in aquatic habitats

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation) Live in extreme habitats: 1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens) 2. Salty brines (Halophiles) 3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Binary fission and/or conjugation Some are: 1. Parasites 2. Saprophytes (saprobes) 3. Autotrophs Live everywhere

6 Kingdoms of Living Organisms (Queen Nerdling) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXToyW-nqhE (14.20 minutes)

C17.3 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains. 2. Explain four of the characteristics used to organize organisms into the six kingdoms.

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