designing an experiment

A variable is something that changes.

6 concepts of experimental design independent variable dependent variable constants control group experimental group repeated trials

the variable that is changed on purpose by the experimenter independent variable the variable that is changed on purpose by the experimenter aka cause, stimulus, reason, manipulated variable, etc. This is the ‘’if” part of a hypothesis.

the variable that responds dependent variable the variable that responds aka effect(s), result(s), responding variable, etc. This is the ‘’then” part of a hypothesis.

all factors which are NOT allowed to change during the experiment constants all factors which are NOT allowed to change during the experiment

the group (standard) to which everything is compared control group the group (standard) to which everything is compared

the group(s) being tested with the independent variable experimental group the group(s) being tested with the independent variable Each test group has only one factor different from the other test groups: the independent variable.

the number of times the experiment is repeated repeated trials the number of times the experiment is repeated The more times you repeat the experiment, the more VALID your results are.

is used to design an experiment. IVCDV The chart is used to design an experiment.

iv constants dv fertilizer The variable (factor) that you will change is the independent variable. 0 drops 0 drops 0 drops These are the fertilizer amounts varied by the experimenter. 2 drops Plants with no fertilizer make up the control or control group. 4 drops 6 drops

iv constants dv fertilizer plant growth 0 drops 2 drops The variable (factor) resulting from the independent variable is the dependent variable. 4 drops 6 drops

iv constants dv fertilizer amt. of water plant growth These are the factors that must NOT change during experimentation. They must remain constant. type of soil 0 drops amt. of soil 2 drops type of plant 4 drops type of planter 6 drops size of planter type of light location

6 drops fertilizer 4 drops fertilizer 2 drops fertilizer no fertilizer

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL 2 drops fertilizer 4 drops fertilizer What is this called? What are these called? CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL GROUP no fertilizer

What are these called? CONSTANTS

dependent variable What is this called? The plant growth that you observe here can be called . . .  the results (of adding fertilizer)  the response (to adding fertilizer) dependent variable  the effects (of adding fertilizer) 2 4 6

Fertilizer becomes a constant. Type of soil becomes the IV. What do you do if you want to test the type of soil instead of fertilizer? amt. of water type of plant type of planter size of planter amt. of soil type of light location type of soil iv constants dv fertilizer type of soil plant growth fertilizer Fertilizer becomes a constant. Type of soil becomes the IV.

Take 7 minutes to design an experiment using the IVCDV chart to test the strengths of various sunscreen on aliens. 5 spf 10 spf 15 spf 20 spf

Evaluate the experimental design in the next two slides.

forming a hypothesis

V Chart

If fertilizer is added to plants, then plant growth will improve. iv constants amt. of water type of soil type of plant type of planter size of planter amt. of soil type of light location dv fertilizer plant growth + verb + verb If fertilizer is added to plants, then plant growth will improve.

If independent variable + verb, then dependent variable + verb. V Chart Independent Variable Dependent Variable + verb + verb If independent variable + verb, then dependent variable + verb. hypothesis

recording and displaying results

iv constants dv fertilizer plant growth 0 drops Results from your experimentation should be recorded in a carefully constructed data table. 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops

A data table has at least 2 columns of information. iv constants dv fertilizer plant growth 0 drops 1 cm 2 drops 1.5 cm 4 drops 1.5 cm 6 drops 3 cm A data table has at least 2 columns of information.

IV fertilizer 0 drops 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops Independent variable data is always (a) recorded in the left column (b) recorded BEFORE experimentation

fertilizer 0 drops 2 4 6 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops 2 4 6 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops Independent variable data is always (a) recorded in the left column (b) recorded BEFORE experimentation

DV plant growth 1 cm 2 4 6 1.5 cm 1.5 cm 3 cm fertilizer (drops) DV 1 cm 2 4 6 1.5 cm 1.5 cm 3 cm Dependent variable data is always (a) recorded in the right column (b) recorded DURING experimentation

plant growth fertilizer (drops) plant growth (cm) 1 cm 2 4 6 1 1.5 3 1.5 cm 1.5 cm 3 cm Dependent variable data is always (a) recorded in the right column (b) recorded DURING experimentation

Choose an appropriate title for the data table. Effect of Fertilizer on Plants fertilizer (drops) plant growth (cm) 2 4 6 1 1.5 3 Choose an appropriate title for the data table.

Effect of Fertilizer on Plants fertilizer (drops) 2 4 6 plant growth (cm) 1 1.5 3 Effect of Fertilizer on Plants Data from a correctly constructed data table can be displayed in a graph.

Effect of Fertilizer on Plants fertilizer (drops) 2 4 6 plant growth (cm) 1 1.5 3 Effect of Fertilizer on Plants 1.0 2.0 1.5 .5 2.5 3.0 plant growth (cm) 2 4 6 fertilizer (drops) IV data is plotted on the X axis. DV data is plotted on the Y axis.

Effect of Fertilizer on Plants fertilizer (drops) 2 4 6 plant growth (cm) 1 1.5 3 Effect of Fertilizer on Plants Effect of Fertilizer on Plants 1.0 2.0 1.5 .5 2.5 3.0 plant growth (cm) 2 4 6 fertilizer (drops) The title of the data table is also the title of the graph.