Elastic Moduli Young’s Modulus Poisson Ratio Bulk Modulus Shear Modulus Lamb’s constants Vp, Vs.

Body Waves compressions P-wave dilatations S-wave amplitude wavelength

K + ( )m l + 2m V = a = = r m V = b = 2m n E l = k - = p 4/3 V = b = m s Where m,l are the Lamé coefficients and l is l = k - = 2m n E 3 ( 1 + n ) ( 1 - 2n )

Spherical Ray Parameter R sin i = constant = p V

Phase velocity and Group velocity Phase Velocity: Velocity of a wave peak or trough of a harmonic component. Group Velocity: Velocity of the energy packet

Free oscillation modes Spheroidal mode (analogous to the P, SV and Rayleigh waves). Motions are parallel to the radial direction. Sensitive to gravity, or density. nSl Toroidal mode (analogous to SH or Love waves). nTl

Spheroidal mode (example)

Toroidal mode (example)

High P and T Experiments

Density, Gravity, Pressure and Mass Distributions

Temperature in the Earth

Exploration seismology Determine the seismic velocity structure in the shallow part of the Earth, using active sources. Procedures: Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation.

Gather

Velocity Analysis

Mute

Statics Corrections

Stack

Stack

Migrations