Enteral supplementation of alanyl–glutamine attenuates the up-regulation of beta- defensin-2 protein in lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion.

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Enteral supplementation of alanyl–glutamine attenuates the up-regulation of beta- defensin-2 protein in lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats Yun Li, Xiao-Bin Wu, Jia-Gen Li, Yi-Jia Lin, Hong-Lei Chen, Hu Song, Zhong-Hui Liu, Jun-Sheng Peng International Journal of Surgery Volume 12, Issue 11, Pages 1181-1186 (November 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003 Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Expression of BD-2 protein in lungs assessed by immunohistochemistry staining under the light microscopy (400×). The brown color indicated BD-2 positive staining. S group showed a very low level of BD-2 expression (as shown by arrows). (A); Apparent positive staining was observed mainly in bronchiole epithelium and pulmonary interstitium in Ala and IIR groups (as shown by arrows). (C and D); In Ala–Gln group, the positive staining of BD-2 was much weaker than that in IIR and Ala groups (B). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) International Journal of Surgery 2014 12, 1181-1186DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Expression signals of BD-2 protein in lungs assessed by immunofluorescence detection (400×). The laminated expressions of BD-2 along bronchiole wall were displayed distinctly. S group showed a monoptychial expression of BD-2 in bronchiole wall (A); Stronger signals were observed in Ala and IIR groups, which were visualized as multilaminar in bronchiole wall (C and D); In Ala–Gln group, the distribution of BD-2 protein were similar to S group and the fluorescent intensity was much weaker than that in IIR and Ala groups (B). International Journal of Surgery 2014 12, 1181-1186DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Western blotting analysis of BD-2 expression in the lung tissues. A: The classical bands of BD-2 and β-actin in the four groups. The prominent bands of BD-2 protein were indicated at approximately 7 kDa. The intensity of BD-2 protein in Ala and IIR groups was prominent over that in S and Ala–Gln groups. B: The gray scales of bands corresponding to BD-2 protein were normalized as the ratios to the same parameters of β-actin. The expression of BD-2 protein in Ala and IIR groups was increased significantly compared to S group (p < 0.01), while the down-regulation of the micromolecular protein was marked in Ala–Gln group as compared with IIR group (p < 0.05). **p < 0.01 vs S group; #p < 0.05 vs IIR group. n = 10 rats per group. International Journal of Surgery 2014 12, 1181-1186DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Changes of TNF-α concentration in rat lung tissues. Data are mean ± S.D. **p < 0.01 vs S group; #p < 0.05 vs IIR group. n = 10 rats per group. International Journal of Surgery 2014 12, 1181-1186DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Changes of SOD activity (A) and MDA concentration (B) in rat lung tissues. Data are mean ± S.D. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs S group; #p < 0.05 vs IIR group. n = 10 rats per group. International Journal of Surgery 2014 12, 1181-1186DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.08.003) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions