Chapter 3 States of Matter

Section 1 Matter and Energy

Learning Target I can explain how kinetic theory affects particle motion

How is the state of a substance determined? Particle Motion Kinetic Theory All matter is made of atoms and molecules. These atoms and molecules act like tiny particle that are always in motion. The higher the temperature of the substance is, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower than less massive ones.

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_becondensate.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

Solids Definite shape Definite volume Particles vibrate in place http://image.tutorvista.com/content/matter/solid-particles.jpeg

Liquids Change shape Definite volume Particles moving faster

Gases Change shape Change volume Particles moving fast enough to break away from each other

Plasma 99% of known matter in the universe No definite shape No definite volume Particles are electrically charged Conduct electric current Natural Plasmas: the sun, stars, lightning, fire, the aurora borealis http://www.tvsnob.com/pictures/plasma-cool.jpg http://z.about.com/d/space/1/5/Y/Q/sun_tour.jpg http://api.ning.com

Plasma Plasma video clip

Bose-Einstein Condensate Predicted in 1924 Created in 1995 (Cornell and Weiman) Super unexcited and super cold atoms Formed at temperatures just above absolute zero (0 Kelvin = -459 °F) Molecular motion stops at absolute zero Atoms clump and become a “super atom” Superfluids Move without friction http://www.ima.umn.edu/newsltrs/updates/spring05/graphics/bose.jpg

Bose-Einstein Condensate Superfluid Helium

Energy’s Role Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object The more kinetic energy the particles have, the higher the temperature Not determined by the amount of the substance you have Thermal Energy: the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms Explain temperature and thermal energy comparing a small Dunkin Donuts coffee to an extra large Dunkin Donuts coffee