C-IED AWARENESS 1 1

AGENDA 1 – GENERALITIES 2 – COMPOSITION 3 – TYPE OF IED 4 – THE BIG FIVE

1 - GENERALITIES 11 - Definition An improvised explosive device (IED) is a homemade bomb made and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be done with: Conventional military explosives (artillery round) Home made explosives (fertilizer, gazoline..) Cheap Easy to built and implement Component can be find in any combat field and living area Low risk – important result/damage

Chechnya Iraq Lebanon North africa Far-East Europe Afghanistan HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 12 -WHERE IEDs ARE USED??? Chechnya Iraq Lebanon North africa Far-East Europe Afghanistan IEDs are a world-wide threat. Cross pollination of IED TTPs in Afghanistan from other countries Cross pollination of experience at the tactical level through ‘journey-man’ jihadists and training camps (Bekaa Valley one example). Modern media and reporting assists in research and development of TTP’s. IED makers are trained in Pakistan, then sent to Afghanistan. - Example – Afghan suicide coach was in Afghanistan in 2001-2, learned trade here, then went to Iraq and was responsible for 2200 deaths. 4

2 - COMPOSITION A SWITCH / TRIGGER AN INITIATOR ( FUZE / DETONATOR) MAIN CHARGE POWER SOURCE A CONTAINER

2 - COMPOSITION A SWITCH / TRIGGER

VICTIM INITIATE THE FUSE/DETONATOR PRESSURE PLATE VICTIM INITIATE THE FUSE/DETONATOR PRECISE / EASY TO USE (NO NEED TO BE AN EXPERT) CHEAP + - MAIN CHARGE Here is an example of a crude pressure plate. The two metal strips are insulated from one another by a non conductive material (i.e. pieces of rubber) at each end. A wire from the battery is attached to one metal strip. A lead wire from the electric caps is attached to the other metal strip. The inner tube is used to weather proof, and provide camouflage. When a vehicle drives over the pressure switch, it compresses the two metal contacts, allowing them to touch, that completes the firing circuit. BATTERY FUSE/DETONATOR BLADE / METAL STRIPS WOODEN BOARD INSULATING RUBBER 7 7

PRESSURE PLATE BATTERY HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 PRESSURE PLATE The Pressure Plate IED is the most common of the VOIEDs. In this picture you see two devices; the one in the upper corner is made with wood, saw blades and bicycle tubing. In the larger picture, the pressure plate is completely rapped in bike tube to keep the rocks out and better conceal it. You can also see the battery by the bush in the back ground. A variation of the pressure plate is the “crush plate”, which is common to Kandahar and Zabul provinces. PRESSURE PLATE

RCIED TRANSMITTEUR RECEIVER FUSE/DETONATOR INITIATOR SYSTEM MAIN CHARGE POSITION DE TIR FUSE/DETONATOR The transmitter used in this slide is a Kenwood radio with DTMF function. The receiver is a Mod 4 Spider. This is easily identified by the four LEDs mounted on the front. INITIATOR SYSTEM

Remote Control FOB Trigger (RFT) HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 LOW POWER TRANSMITTER Wireless Door Bell Garage Door Opener 1. This slide illustrates that RCIEDs can be made from anything that can send /receive a signal. The insurgent modifies the receiver to send the output to the blasting cap. As you can see from the examples it is only limited to the bomber’s imagination and his knowledge. 2. RCIEDs to watch out for. These are just a few electronic devices that have been found in Afghanistan and used as RCIEDs. If you see these devices, are they normal for the area? Garage Door Openers – do Afghanis have a need for this? Not very common in Afghanistan. Wireless Doorbells - Cheap. Not many used in country to date, but some have been. Not many Afghans use these. Be aware if you see this in a cache, LOOK LINK THINK. Keyless entry systems with transmitter – most cars here are older cars, not many new automobiles here so do they need remote entry systems or car alarms. I have yet to be waken in the middle of the night here by a car alarm going off. Transmitter on the right has the capability of multiple firing. Shock sensor can be rigged as anti-removal device. Personal Mobile radios (PMR) - Can be purchased anywhere, hard to trace. Some ISAF units currently have these for inter-squad communications RC Car – Two RCIED attacks in Khowst, RC (E), in May 2008 have demonstrated such a degree of similarity (in placement and design) that the same INS group is highly likely to be involved. Of concern is the use of RC car type receiver units operating in the 27 – 49MHz range. Remote Control FOB Trigger (RFT) – Purpose built RCIED device – like DTMF. Transmitter can initiate up to 3 separate devices Remote Control FOB Trigger (RFT) Personal Mobile Radio (PMR) NATO CONFIDENTIAL REL TO ISAF - EXERCISE 10

HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER Another possibility of high power transmitter is cell phones. Every Afghanistan cellular phone operator is licensed to provide coverage in the 900 and 1800 MHz band. Since 2006 there has been attacks by insurgents using cellular phones to arm or detonate a device, even if it is not so common (around 2% of all the RCIEDs). The problem for them is that the network is not really good and doesn’t cover all the country as you can see on the map coverage for Roshan (one of the service provider). Moreover it is not so accurate due to delays in signal going through from phone to phone. 2006 Cell phones

RECEIVER MOD 3 MOD 1 MOD 2 MOD 4 MOD 5 There are 5 different modifications of the Spider device as follows : 1. MOD 1 Typically found in ballast boxes, doorbell housings and black security system boxes. 2 separate boards (on slide, decoder on left, receiver on right) Boards separated by a piece of nonconductive material ie cardboard and held together with rubber bands Usually 3-4 DTMF tones to initiate Can have 2 separate outputs (not seen since 2004) 2. MOD 2 Typically found in Toyota Diesel Timer boxes and Toshiba Heater Timer boxes Single printed circuit board / side-by-side board concept Usually 2-4 DTMF tones to initiate 3. MOD 3 Found in soap dishes, white or black plastic boxes Two printed circuit boards – decoder board on top of receiver board separated by metal stand-offs Utilizes a microprocessor, an internal timer and a power saving mode First DTMF tone must be entered for a minimum of 5 seconds to exit power saving mode Has safe to arm LEDs 4. MOD 4 Found in black plastic box with 4 LEDs on front panel Consists of one printed circuit board where decoder and receiver boards are connected Large capacitor in series with input power Utilizes a power saving mode and safe to arm feature embedded in an internal timer 2-4 DTMF tones to initiate The receiver only scans the frequency for about 0.5 secs every 2 secs. Hence orange flashing light. Codes have to be held down for about 3 secs apiece 5. MOD 5 Found in black box with Matsuchita Power Supply stickers (can be blue, green and purple) Consists of 2 printed circuit boards (receiver and decoder) Utilizes micro-processor safe to arm technology embedded in microprocessor – no bypass available 15 minute safe-to-arm time on “power up” Typically 2-4 DTMF codes These are different variations of the Mod 1 spider device. Each is made up of two circuit boards – a receiver board that essentially received the DTMF signal and digitizes it, and a decoder board which interprets DTMF signals that are transmitted in the correct sequence and releases power to the detonator upon command. On each of these has the receiver board on the right (identifiable by the small copper “squiggly” wires), and the decoder board on the left (the large IC in the center of the board is the decoder chip). On the Mod 1 and 2 the decoder chip has jumper wires connected to different pins. Since we have schematics for these chips, we can tell by observing which pins the jumper is soldered to what the firing code is. The decoder board has three Silicon Control Rectifiers (SCR) which are essentially electronic switches. I like to think of these SCRs as if they are small dams preventing electricity from flowing down the circuit. If the “upstream” dam is opened (by pressing the first digit in the firing sequence), the power is allowed to flow downstream. If the second digit of the firing code is entered, the second SCR “opens” and allows power to flow further downstream until it reaches the final SCR. When the third digit of the firing code is entered, the third SCR “opens” and allows the power to release to the blasting cap. If any of the codes are entered in the wrong order, the device resets and is immediately ready to receive signals again. MOD 1 MOD 2 MOD 4 MOD 5

COMMAND WIRE (CW) 13 HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 1. Command wire or Hard line IEDs. A. Command wire IEDs use heavy and light gauge wire, an initiator, ordnance/explosives and a power source, normally a car or motorcycle battery. There is higher risk to Insurgent due to close proximity of attack and his physical link with the IED. B. The longer the wire, the more powerful the battery has to be. 2. Emphasize getting out of your vehicle. CWIED is buried good, near the road, but away from the road not buried away from road, so can be seen easier. 13 NATO CONFIDENTIAL REL TO ISAF - EXERCISE 13

COMMAND WIRE (CW)

COMMAND WIRE (CW) HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 BRIDGE AND CULVERT VP CHECK ASSESSMENT It is possible that the main charge was concealed by the INS having tunnelled through the concrete inside the culvert. The CW was split locked, which is where a shovel is utilized to lift the soil the wire is inserted then the soil is pressed down. This leaves minimal signature The VP drill employed (inverted V) in this case would have had very little chance of detecting the CW. Consider an isolation search. During Dismounted VP checks , searchers must look inside culvert and inspect side walls for integrity. BRIDGE AND CULVERT VP CHECK NO IED FOUND CW VERY WELL HIDDEN READY TO BE LINKED WITH IED

12 - Composition A SWITCH / TRIGGER AN INITIATOR ( FUZE / DETONATOR)

PYROTHENIC FUSE/DETONATOR INITIATOR / FUSE / DETONATOR HQ ISAF HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 31/03/2017 EXPLOSIVE FUSE PYROTHENIC FUSE/DETONATOR INITIATOR / FUSE / DETONATOR To initiate the main charge, they need an initiator. These are made of more sensitive explosives. You have electric and non-electric types, commercial and homemade. And they are reinforced by detonation cord. Usually it’s commercial one with flashy colors (red…). MILITARY FUSE ELECTRICAL FUSE/DETONATOR 17

12 - Composition A SWITCH / TRIGGER AN INITIATOR ( FUZE / DETONATOR) MAIN CHARGE

MAIN CHARGE HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 AT MINE MORTAR POTASSIUM CHLORATE ALUMINIUM POWDER Finally they can also made it by themselves. In this case, we talk about HME for HomeMade Explosive. You have different types. ANAL – Ammonium Nitrate and ALuminum ANFO – Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil Nitric Acid Potassium Nitrate Potassium chlorate Strontium Nitrate / Magnesium Ammonium perchlorate Sodium chlorate TATP – TriAcetone TriPeroxide HMTD – Hexa Methylene Triperoxide Diamine … * Clic * Insurgents will use HME more often as the availability of military ordnance decrease. NITRIC ACID POTASSIUM NITRATE 19

12 - Composition A SWITCH / TRIGGER AN INITIATOR ( FUZE / DETONATOR) MAIN CHARGE POWER SOURCE

POWER SOURCE HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 HQ ISAF 31/03/2017 To initiate the device, we need some power source. In function of the power needed, they will use some improvised battery pack. A 9V battery or a 12V motorcycle battery or even a car battery. 21

12 - Composition A SWITCH / TRIGGER AN INITIATOR ( FUZE / DETONATOR) MAIN CHARGE POWER SOURCE A CONTAINER

PLASTIC BOX HME HME + MORTAR CULVERT

CAR

MORTORCYLE

BUS

SUICIDE VEST

BEFORE AFTER

NO LIMIT FOR IMAGINATION Artillery shell-based IED hidden in plaster made to look like a concrete block Anti-Tank Mine encased in concrete and command detonated via remote control Artillery shell-based IEDs hidden in bags along roads Artillery shells rigged as IEDs

3 – TYPE OF IED Victim Operated Improvised Explosive Device (VOIED) - Pressure Plate Improvised Explosive Device (PPIED) - Trip Wire Improvised Explosive Device (TWIED) 2. Command Operated Improvised Explosive Device (COIED) - Remote Controlled Improvised Explosive Device (RCIED) - Command Wire Improvised Explosive Device (CWIED) –. 3. Vehicle Borne IED (VBIED) or Suicide Vehicle Borne IED (SVBIED) 4. Personal Borne IED (PBIED) 5. Under Vehicle Improvised Explosive Device (uncommon) - Electronic timer

4 - THE BIG 5 IED VULNERABLE POINT

IED Vulnerable Points CULVERT (1). Culvert – Culvert are used because the enemy doesn’t have to dig or prepare the site, it is already for them to put the IED in. Stream beds are good to place IEDs in low water or rocky areas.

UPHILL SLOPE/ DOWNHILL SLOPE - IED Vulnerable Points IED UPHILL SLOPE/ DOWNHILL SLOPE - (2). Up / Downhill slope – Either is hard to see once you are traversing them. You also slow going up or down hills which makes it easier to time the detonation.

IED Vulnerable Points Wadi / STREAM BED (3). Wadi / Streambed / River – Ease of emplacement.

IED Vulnerable Points SAND (4). Soft Sand – Easy and Quickness of emplacement. Blast Seat

IED Vulnerable Points CURVE/ NARROW PASS (5). Choke Point / Sharp Turn – Canalizisation and Timing B. The more of these you have, the more likely there is or will be an IED located there. When a site has 4 or 5 of these, then eventually there will definitely be an IED there.

BAD LUCK BIG FIVE IED Vulnerable Points Canalisation CULVERT UPHILL/ DOWNHILL IED Vulnerable Points A. These danger areas are where the enemy targets ISAF patrols. The more of these danger areas you have, the more likely you will be attacked. (1). Culvert – Culvert are used because the enemy doesn’t have to dig or prepare the site, it is already for them to put the IED in. Stream beds are good to place IEDs in low water or rocky areas. (2). Up / Downhill slope – Either is hard to see once you are traversing them. You also slow going up or down hills which makes it easier to time the detonation. (3). Wadi / Streambed / River – Ease of emplacement. (4). Soft Sand – Easy and Quickness of emplacement. (5). Choke Point / Sharp Turn – Canalizisation and Timing B. The more of these you have, the more likely there is or will be an IED located there. When a site has 4 or 5 of these, then eventually there will definitely be an IED there. SAND Wadi/Streambed/River BIG FIVE 37

QUESTIONS