Trends in Physical Properties

Basics Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only

Basics Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only Differs in size for members of the same homologous series

Basics Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only Differs in size for members of the same homologous series Functional Group-differs in identity in different homologous series

Volatility How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state

Volatility How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state High volatility means low B.P.

Volatility How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state High volatility means low B.P. REMEMBER>>> Volatility depends on overcoming the intermolecular forces

Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF

Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF Causes an increase in B.P.

Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF Causes and increase in B.P. Branching also affects Branched isomers have less interaction than straight chain, therefore lower B.P.

Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF Causes and increase in B.P. Branching also affects Branched isomers have less interaction than straight chain, therefore lower B.P.

Volatility Functional Group Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P.

Volatility Functional Group Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P. Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P.

Volatility Functional Group Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P. Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P. When comparing different homologous series, ALWAYS compare compounds with similar values of molecular mass

Volatility Functional Group Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P. Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P. When comparing different homologous series, ALWAYS compare compounds with similar values of molecular mass i.e. ethanol with mass=46 can be compared to propane with mass=44

Solubility in Water Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds

Solubility in Water Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water

Solubility in Water Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water Higher members are less soluble than lower members

Solubility in Water Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water Higher members are less soluble than lower members Functional groups which enable hydrogen bonds to form with water are Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines

Solubility in Water Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water Higher members are less soluble than lower members Functional groups which enable hydrogen bonds to form with water are Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines Smaller members are readily soluble