Peter A. J. Bascom, PhD, K. Wayne Johnston, MD, FRCS(C), Richard S. C

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Presentation transcript:

Defining the limitations of measurements from Doppler spectral recordings Peter A.J. Bascom, PhD, K.Wayne Johnston, MD, FRCS(C), Richard S.C. Cobbold, PhD, Matadial Ojha, PhD Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 34-45 (July 1996) DOI: 10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8 Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Illustration of four flow zones and their corresponding flow distribution distal to moderately severe asymmetric stenosis. Length of each zone depends on Reynolds number and precise stenosis geometry. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Pulsatile flow waveform used in Doppler study. Nearly identical flow waveform was used in photochromic studies. Waveform has period of 0.88 sec and fundamental Womersley parameter of 3.8 and is similar to that found in common carotid artery. Solid dot represents time in flow cycle when results shown in Fig. 4, B were obtained. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Photograph of test section used in photochromic experiments. Seventy percent asymmetric stenosis was manufactured out of block of ultraviolet transparent Plexiglas. Entrance length to test section was approximately 90D. To minimize effect of refraction on laser beam, top half of tube was not rounded but maintained flat as shown above. Rounded side was then heated to softening point of Plexiglas, and 3/8-inch steel ball was pressed into tube to depth equivalent (accounting for change in diameter) to that previously used in making stenosis used in Doppler studies. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Photochromic traces distal to 70% asymmetric stenosis for flash delay of 2 msec under (A) steady (Re = 545) and (B) pulsatile flow. Each picture is composite of two photographs as described in text. Time in flow cycle when results in B were recorded is indicated in Fig. 2. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Maximum and mean Doppler frequencies at various locations relative to stenosis for hematocrit of 4% (Re = 1410). Error bars represent +1 SD. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Variation of indexes with position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window, hematocrit = 4%, Re = 1410). A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D, coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Variation of indexes with position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window, hematocrit = 4%, Re = 1410). A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D, coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Variation of indexes with position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window, hematocrit = 4%, Re = 1410). A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D, coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Variation of indexes with position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window, hematocrit = 4%, Re = 1410). A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D, coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Maximum and mean Doppler frequencies at various sample volume positions within the tube at A 20D and B 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as the distance of the sample volume from the near wall of tube in beam direction. These results were obtained with a 41% suspension of red blood cells at Re = 545. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Maximum and mean Doppler frequencies at various sample volume positions within the tube at A 20D and B 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as the distance of the sample volume from the near wall of tube in beam direction. These results were obtained with a 41% suspension of red blood cells at Re = 545. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Variation of indexes with sample volume position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window) at 20D and 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as distance of sample volume from near wall of tube in beam direction. A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Variation of indexes with sample volume position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window) at 20D and 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as distance of sample volume from near wall of tube in beam direction. A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Variation of indexes with sample volume position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window) at 20D and 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as distance of sample volume from near wall of tube in beam direction. A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Variation of indexes with sample volume position for both individual spectra and averaged spectra (1600, 10 msec window) at 20D and 2D distal to stenosis. This position is defined as distance of sample volume from near wall of tube in beam direction. A, Spectral broadening index; B, normalized spectral variance; C, coefficient of skewness; D coefficient of kurtosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Ensemble average (A) maximum and mean frequency, (B) SBI, (C) CS, and (D) CK envelopes obtained at various distances from stenosis. More than 50 flow cycles were ensemble averaged. These experiments were performed with 41% suspension of human red blood cells. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Ensemble average (A) maximum and mean frequency, (B) SBI, (C) CS, and (D) CK envelopes obtained at various distances from stenosis. More than 50 flow cycles were ensemble averaged. These experiments were performed with 41% suspension of human red blood cells. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Ensemble average (A) maximum and mean frequency, (B) SBI, (C) CS, and (D) CK envelopes obtained at various distances from stenosis. More than 50 flow cycles were ensemble averaged. These experiments were performed with 41% suspension of human red blood cells. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Ensemble average (A) maximum and mean frequency, (B) SBI, (C) CS, and (D) CK envelopes obtained at various distances from stenosis. More than 50 flow cycles were ensemble averaged. These experiments were performed with 41% suspension of human red blood cells. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996 24, 34-45DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(96)70142-8) Copyright © 1996 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions