Review Questions What are the three different types of distribution? - density, concentration, pattern 2. What is density? - frequency with which something occurs in space 3. What are the two types of concentration? - relatively clustered and evenly dispersed 4. What was the purpose of the Land Ordinance of 1795? - geometric pattern for facilitation of selling land in the West 5. What is the difference between a core country and a periphery country? 6. What are the three types of expansion diffusion?

Connections Between Places: How do I understand Diffusion?

What is the difference between core and periphery countries? Core (hearth) regions – North America, Europe, and Japan – why? Largest percentage of advanced technology, investment capital, and wealth to purchase goods and services Periphery (outer-edge)- Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America What are the main differences between countries in the core regions and those in the periphery?

Expansion Relocation Two Types of Diffusion Stays strong in the core Gets weaker in the core

Expansion Diffusion EXPANSION DIFFUSION Spread of an innovation/idea … in such a way that the # of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of adoption. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-20)

Expansion Diffusion This occurs when an idea or trait spreads from one place to another.

Kinds of Expansion Diffusion Hierarchal Diffusion – spread of an idea through an established structure usually from people or areas of power down to other people or areas Urban areas to other urban areas and then spread to surrounding areas Rap music High-end fashion trends Wealthy people to middle class to lower class Any technological invention

Expansion Diffusion Contagious Diffusion – spread of an idea/trait/concept through a group of people or an area equally without regard to social class, economic position or position of power. Flu epidemic Gossip in school?? Your book says information on the web is Contagious… do you agree???

Diagram of Contagious Diffusion ‘A’ is a diagram of contagious diffusion. Notice virtually all ‘adopt.’ ‘B’ is a diagram of hierarchical diffusion. Notice the leapfrogging over some areas.

Text Messaging

One more look…Wal-Mart as both ___________ and __________diffusion – WHY?

Diffusion of Wal-Mart, Target and Costco What type(s) of diffusion? Interactive maps of the evolution of retail from Flowing Data: Wal-Mart: http://projects.flowingdata.com/walmart/ Target: http://projects.flowingdata.com/target/ Costco: http://projects.flowingdata.com/costco/

Expansion Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying principle even though the new groups “remix” your idea OR Stimulus Diffusion - involves the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea

Stimulus Diffusion ex. (Michael Ayres) McDonald’s in India  “Maharaja Mac” Sesame Street  OVER 30 Countries have adopted principles of this show Coca Cola and its different tastes around the world                                http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VM2eLhvsSM

Maharajah Mac Bangalore, India, March, 2012 http://www.buzzfeed.com/eing6888/check-out-this-new-mcdonalds-promotional-menu-in-77we McDonald’s new menu in Thailand. McDonald’s commercials from a global perspective: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/culture-lifestyle/food-drink/130709/10-amazing-mcdonalds-commercials-international

The World According to Sesame Street

RELOCATION DIFFUSION Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.

Relocation Diffusion This occurs when the people migrate and take their cultural attributes with them. De Blij pg. 28 vs. Rubenstein pg. 26

Relocation and Expansion – In Review ‘A’ is relocation diffusion as the person goes. ‘B’ is expansion diffusion as the idea/trait moves or transports.

AIDS and Relocation Diffusion Some authors suggest AIDS diffuses through relocation diffusion. This is true by the fact that the diffusers “take” the disease with them. However, AIDS is not contracted by everyone in its path. More importantly, the pattern of AIDS diffusion is more classically hierarchal (and therefore expansion).

Migrant Diffusion (a form of Relocation Diffusion?) Idea enjoys strong, (perhaps brief,) adoption in hearth Idea travels elsewhere (& thrives) Idea fades out back in the hearth Ex. Disco in Egypt Ex. “Baywatch” in Europe Ex. Communism Ex. Old cars

BARRIERS TO DIFFUSION CULTURAL BARRIERS PHYSICAL BARRIERS Some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture Cultural taboos e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives PHYSICAL BARRIERS Physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption Not as relevant today b/c of technology TIME-DISTANCE DECAY Farther from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adopted (more likely the same trait will develop differently) Technology makes this less important Space-time compression- describes reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place “Friction of Distance” – Interaction and communication between 2 things declines the further away you get

Connections Between Places Space-time compression = Promotes rapid change Aka Cultural diffusion

What factors promote and hinder this spatial interaction?

Distance Decay Graph Learn to think about distance decay in a “spatial” context Think of distance decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

Random Thoughts on Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Contagious does not necessarily have a not a specific pre-existing structure for transmission disease contagion is a prime example the spread of products from a forest fire(particles/gases/heat) dissipate from the source(the fire) throughout the adjacent atmosphere. Measurement system - System International (Metric)(meters/grams) has spread from Europe throughout the world except for the US(and a couple small countries) US retains its modification of the British Imperial system of measurement (miles/pounds) Hierarchical requires a pre-established structure to channel the flow ie 'chain of command' International Business hierarchy, National, Regional, Local Relocation Diffusion Movement of people and things Europeans moved to the Americas and brought their culture with them

More examples of Hierarchical Diffusion AIDS is typically viewed as hierarchical because of its historically distinctive URBAN to URBAN diffusion pattern “Blackberries” have diffused hierarchically. Blackberries, though becoming cheaper, are too expensive for most consumers to buy; therefore diffusing hierarchically.