AP Day 75

Starter What are some solutions that the movie offered to create more effective cities (transportation-wise)?

Galactic City (Peripheral) model by Harris Created by Chauncey Harris (same guy in Harris-Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model) Suburbs spread outward from a declining CBD In the growing suburbs, functions of CBD begins to appear (mini-downtowns with hotels, malls, restaurants, and tall office complexes) Mini-downtowns are called edge cities

Urban Realms by James Vance Large, late-twentieth-century US city Each "realm" of the model is separate and used for a different purpose, Realms linked together to make one large city. Automobile-dependent, which enables it to be as large as necessary for that city's purposes.

Megacities A city area with over 10 million people China 15 India 6 South America 5 Europe 3 Africa North America A city area with over 10 million people Most megacities are in China and other parts of Asia

Article – The Problem of Megacities

Transportation

Borchert’s epochs of urban growth Describes how urban growth changes based on transportation technology Each era of transportation impacts shape, size, density, and spatial arrangement of cities Model ends in 1970, but can be expanded to modern day

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth Time Period Conditions and Effects Sail-Wagon Late 1700s-Mid 1800’s Water ports are important Poor road conditions make long-distance travel difficult Iron Horse Mid-Late 1800s Steam engines powered boats promoting growth of river cities Regional rail networks connect cities, resources, and industrial sites Steel Rail Late 1800s-1920 Transcontinental railways Cities along railways Auto-Air-Amenity 1920-1970 Cars allowed cities to spread out Airport hubs Cities become more interconnected High Technology (and Eco Friendly) 1970-Today Mass transit (UTA, etc.) Biking/ Walking Skype Jets and eventually… rockets?

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth Time Period Conditions and Effects Sail-Wagon Late 1700s-Mid 1800’s Water ports are important Poor road conditions make long-distance travel difficult Iron Horse Mid-Late 1800s Steam engines powered boats promoting growth of river cities Regional rail networks connect cities, resources, and industrial sites Steel Rail Late 1800s-1920 Transcontinental railways Cities along railways Auto-Air-Amenity 1920-1970 Cars allowed cities to spread out Airport hubs Cities become more interconnected High Technology (and Eco Friendly) 1970- Today Mass transit (UTA, etc.) Biking/ Walking Skype Jets and eventually… rockets?

Gravity Model Places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away Dallas, Austin, Houston Los Angeles, San Diego Exceptions: outside factors such as tourism, religious sites or government centers will attract outsiders from all over the world, regardless of size or distance.

Vox: How highways wrecked American cities Vox: The high cost of free parking Highways (4 min) Free parking (6 min)

Conclusion: Problems and Solutions

Problems Brownfield: a former industrial/commercial site where future use is affected by potential environmental contamination Disamenity Zones: Zones within cities that lack desirable features or infrastructure Zones of Abandonment: areas within cities that have been deserted for economic or environmental reasons Suburban Sprawl: expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, car-dependent communities (McMansions!)

Fixes Sustainable Design New Urbanism: mixed commercial/residential areas that are walkable Greenbelts: an area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted Slow-Growth Cities: cities that grow slowly rather than rapidly, have different policy issues than rapidly growing cities

FRQ

What is Central Place Theory? (4:50)