The Mediterranean Front

The Gallipoli Disaster Purposes of campaign: Seize & secure Dardanelles Take Ottoman capital, Constantinople Establish supply line to Russia Mount offensive into Austria-Hungary

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 Lasted from Feb. to Dec. (1915) Allies suffered 250,000 casualties Allies eventually give up

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

Today’s Standard Essential Question 10.5.1 examine the geographic factors and their significance in the development of military strategies, locate and discuss the significance of the theaters of battle. Essential Question What role does geography play in the development of military strategy and how does this lead to the stale mate of Trench Warfare in WWI?

A Multi-Front War

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Feb. 1916 – Dec. 1916 Each side had 500,000 casualties. Germans gain 4 miles

The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. British gained 5 miles

Major Turning Points 1st Battle of the Marne – ended Schlieffen Plan Battle of Tannenburg – gives German’s upper hand in East Russian Revolution – ends two front war for Germany U.S. Entry – increases Allied soldier Morale 2nd Battle of the Marne – Central Powers loose and Allies have upper hand

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

The Armenian Genocide

Today’s Standard 10.5.5 Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman governments actions against Armenian citizens. What was the Armenian Genocide? Explain its effects.

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Fighting in the East Armenian Genocide Genocide – the systematic murder of an entire group of people Turkish government attempts to wipe out Armenians in Turkish empire.

Armenian Genocide 2.5 million Armenians in Turkish Empire Armenians are Christian Thought to be traitors of the Muslim empire Obstacle to an all Turkish empire (extreme nationalism)

Armenian Genocide April 24th, 1915 – 100’s of Armenians arrested – executed, imprisoned, or deported 1000’s of women and children deported to Syrian desert – died of starvation and thirst Men executed.

Armenian Genocide From 1915 to around 1919 – 1,500,000 of the 2,500,000 Armenians killed

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800   Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800