Is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) an Immune Inflammatory Disease? Gero Kramer, Dieter Mitteregger, Michael Marberger  European Urology  Volume 51, Issue 5, Pages 1202-1216 (May 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.12.011 Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A 4-μm frozen section of a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimen was stained with directly conjugated anti-CD45FITC (in green, pan-leukocyte), anti-CD3PE (in yellow, pan-T lymphocytes), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2-HCl (DAPI; in blue, pan-nuclear), and indirectly using anticytokeratin-18 followed by goat antimouse cyanine 5 (in red, pan-epithelial). The whole section was scanned using TissueFAXS (TissueGnostics, Vienna, Austria). Reactivity of cells was analysed using TissueQuest (TissueGnostics) by setting DAPI as master channel for identification of all cells. As indicated by the dot blots, 43.8% of nuclei were also reactive with anti-CD45 and are therefore classified as leukocytes. The CD45+ leucocyte population is further subdivided into a large proportion of CD45/CD3+ T cells and a minor population of CD45+/CD3− non-T cells. European Urology 2007 51, 1202-1216DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.12.011) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Left graph. Tissue effect of T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines on the pathogenesis and progression of immune inflammation and stromal growth in the ageing prostate (T cells indicated in red). Right graph. Role of smooth muscle cells (indicated in red) in maintenance and propagation of immune infiltration in the ageing prostate. European Urology 2007 51, 1202-1216DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.12.011) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Scheme of the development of chronic immune inflammation in association with benign prostatic growth. European Urology 2007 51, 1202-1216DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.12.011) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions