Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Biochemical Energy Metabolism: The sum of the many organic reactions that take place in cells. CO2 + H2O + energy C, H, O (food molecules) + O2 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Biochemical Energy Catabolism: The reaction sequences that break molecules apart. These reactions generally release energy. Anabolism: The reaction sequences that put building blocks back together to assemble larger molecules. These reactions generally absorb energy. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Biochemical Energy The primary metabolic function of ATP is to drive reactions. ATP is a “high-energy molecule” and releases a large amount of energy when it reacts. Why is it needed? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Biochemical Energy This step is important in the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates: This reaction is energetically unfavorable. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Biochemical Energy Energetically unfavorable reactions can be coupled with energetically favorable ones: Glucose 6-phosphate + H2O Glucose + HOPO32- DG° = +13.8 kJ/mol ADP + HOPO32- + H1+ ATP + H2O DG° = -30.5 kJ/mol Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP + H1+ Glucose + ATP DG° = -16.7 kJ/mol While the conversion from glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is energetically unfavorable, couple the reaction with the conversion of ATP to ADP and the sum is energetically favorable. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides Amino Acid: A molecule that contains both a basic amine group (-NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (-CO2H). Peptide Bond: An amide bond. Polypeptide: Short chains of up to 100 amino acids. Dipeptide is two, tripeptide is three. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides All 20 common amino acids are a-amino acids: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Peptides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness For a molecule to be chiral, the central carbon must have four different groups attached to it. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness Of the 20 common amino acids, 19 are chiral. All 19 of them are one specific enantiomer: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Proteins Protein: Biological polymers made up of many amino acid molecules linked together to form a long chain. Residue: An individual amino acid in a protein. In general, > 100 amino acids linked are considered to be a protein. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Proteins Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Proteins Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Proteins Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Levels of Protein Structure Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure: This specifies the protein’s amino acid sequence which determines its overall shape and function. Secondary Structure: This specifies how segments of the protein chain are oriented into regular patterns. Tertiary Structure: Specifies how the entire protein chain is coiled and folded into a specific three-dimensional shape. Quaternary Structure: Specifies how several protein chains can aggregate to form a larger unit. The molar masses of proteins can be huge- up to one-half million u! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Levels of Protein Structure Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure How important is the relationship between the sequence of amino acids to the function of the protein? The disease sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect whereby valine is substituted for glutamic acid at only one position in a chain of 146 amino acids. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Levels of Protein Structure Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Levels of Protein Structure Secondary Structure Alpha-(a-) Helix Hydrogen bond Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Levels of Protein Structure Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Levels of Protein Structure Secondary Structure Beta-(b-) Pleated Sheet Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Levels of Protein Structure Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary Structure Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: A large class of organic molecules commonly called sugars and related to glucose. -ose suffix since it’s a sugar Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: A simple sugar (carbohydrate) such as glucose or fructose that can’t be broken down into smaller molecules by hydrolysis with aqueous acid. Polysaccharide: A complex sugar (carbohydrate) such as cellulose or starch that is made up of many simple sugars linked together. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Handedness of Carbohydrates Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Handedness of Carbohydrates D-Gylceraldehyde is the only enantiomer that occurs naturally. D-form = “right-handed” L-form = “left-handed” Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Lactose Also known as “milk sugar” since it is the major carbohydrate present in mammalian milk. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Sucrose Also known as “plain sugar” and is probably the most common pure organic chemical in the world. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Cellulose Cellulose is inedible because we do not have the appropriate enzymes to digest the polysaccharide chain. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Starch Starch is edible. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Glycogen Also known as “animal starch” since it serves the same purpose in animals that starch serves in plants. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Lipids Lipid: A naturally occurring organic molecule that dissolves in a nonpolar organic solvent when a sample of plant or animal tissue is crushed or ground. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Lipids Fats and Oils All fats and oils are triacylglycerols, or triglycerides, esters of glycerol with three long-chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Lipids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Lipids Steroids A steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on a tetracyclic (four-ring) system. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid: A biological polymer made up of nucleotide units linked together to form a long chain. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids The sugar in RNA (ribonucleic acid) The sugar in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids Cyclic Amine Bases in DNA and RNA Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model Base pairing Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Nucleic Acids and Heredity Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Chromosome: A threadlike strand of DNA in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome is made up of several thousand genes. Gene: A segment of a DNA chain that contains the instructions necessary to make a specific protein. Transfer of Genetic Information Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Nucleic Acids and Heredity Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Replication Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Nucleic Acids and Heredity Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Transcription Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Nucleic Acids and Heredity Chapter 24: Biochemistry 12/8/2018 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Translation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.