L 25 Electricity & Magnetism [2] static electricity the charging process the van de Graff generator electrostatic shielding lightning batteries and frogs legs electric circuits

review – electric charge Matter (stuff) has two basic properties mass  gravitational force charge  electric and magnetic forces positive charge negative charge electric forces like charges repel +/+ or - / - unlike charges attract + / - charge is measured in Coulombs [C] all charge is a multiple of the basic unit of charge – we call this e = 1.6 x10-19 C charges cannot be divided into smaller units than this.

One Coulomb is a HUGE charge To get a charge of one Coulomb on an object we would have to remove 6.250 x 1018 electrons from it! In the capacitor discharge demo, only 0.01 C of charge were involved.

Where is the charge? the charge is in atoms positive  protons negative  electrons matter is usually electrically neutral  it has the same amount of positive and negative charge electrons (not protons) can be transferred from one object to another by rubbing (friction)

Charging by friction (triboelectric effect) If you rub plastic with cat’s fur, electrons are rubbed onto the plastic making it negative if you rub glass or plastic with silk, electrons are rubbed off the glass making it positive the charge can be transferred to other objects. only the electrons can be transferred

The charging process an object is charged positive (has a net positive charge ) if electrons are removed from it an object is charged negative (has a net negative charge) if electrons are transferred to it charges can be transferred from conductors or non-conductors, but they can only move through conductors.

Example Object A has a charge of -5 C and object B has a charge of +5 C. If -10 Coulombs of negative charge are transferred from object A to object B. What is the final charge on each object? ANSWER: Object A has a net charge of +5 C and object B has a net charge of -5 C. Note that the net charge (=0) is the same before and after A B -10 C +5 C -5 C A B –5 C +5 C

Attracting uncharged objects + A negatively charged rod will push the electrons to the far side leaving the near side positive. The force is attractive because the positive charges are closer to the rod than the negative charges uncharged metal sphere

Can attract nonconductors also Even though nonconductors do not have free electrons that can move around, the molecules can be polarized – the positive and negative charges can be separated slightly + +

We can cause the 2 x 4 to move The Magic Wand 2 x 4 We can cause the 2 x 4 to move with electric forces

You can bend water with charge! The water molecule has a positive end and a negative end; it is always polarized When a negative rod is brought near the stream of water, all the positive ends of the water mole- cules turn to the right and are attracted to the negative rod. charged rod O - - + + H H stream of water

Seeing the effects of charge: the electroscope the electroscope is a simple device for observing the presence of electric charge it consists of a small piece of metal foil (gold if possible) suspended from a rod with a metal ball at its top If a negatively charged rod is placed near the ball, the electrons move away because of the repulsion. The two sides of the metal foil then separate.

Danger High Voltage ! The van de Graff can charge the sphere to more than 50,000 volts! This is enough to cause discharges to the surrounding air  ionization or breakdown The sparks excite air molecules which give off light

Electric Potential  voltage The amount of charge on a charged sphere can be measured in terms of its electric potential or voltage the more charge that is on the sphere, the higher its voltage electric potential is measured in VOLTS if I connect a 9 V battery to the sphere and the ground, it will have a potential of 9 V 9 Volt battery

Lightning- outdoor spark causes 80 million dollars in damage each year in the US On average, kills 90 people a year in the US lasts only a thousandth of a second carries up to 200,000 A causes the thunder!

development of a lightning bolt charge separation stepped leader leader & streamer leader meets streamer lightning bolt

Electrostatic shielding

Electrostatic shielding The effect of the high voltage on the van de Graff generator stops on the outside of the metal cage  Homer is SAFE! Being inside your car during a lightning storm offers you some protection radio signals cannot penetrate through a metal enclosure the metal bars (rebar) that reinforce the concrete in walls can also interfere

Conductors and Non- Conductors Metals (copper, aluminum, iron) are conductors of electricity  they allow current (moving free electrons) to pass through them Plastics, wood, ceramics, and glass are non-conductors (or insulators)  they do not let electricity flow through them  they have no free electrons to move around

Pure water is non-conducting clean water will not conduct electricity if salt or acid is added, however, it will conduct electricity H2O carbon electrodes

A salt water solution is a conductor When salt NaCl (sodium chloride) is added to water H2O, the NaCl molecule dissociates into a positive ion Na+, and a negative ion Cl- . Thus the solutions contains both positive and negative ions, both of which can conduct electricity. Electric current can pass through dirty bath water and through you also! we are conductors – water + Na+ + Cl–

Gas discharges PLASMA High Voltage Source When a high voltage is applied to a gas-filled tube, the gas can become ionized, one or more electrons are separated from each atom. Since positive and negative charges are present the ionized gas conducts electricity. The gas atoms are excited and emit light of a color characteristic of the gas. PLASMA Gas in tube not blood! High Voltage Source

examples of electrical discharges fluorescent lamp the Aurora neon lights

applications of electrostatics Xerox copiers use electrostatic attraction to put the ink droplets on the paper electrostatic precipitators use the attraction of charged dust to remove dust particles from smoke. can be used to hold balloons on your head

Removing soot particles Positive cylinder Chimney stack Charging units spray electrons on the soot particles soot