The Reformation in Eastern Europe & The Counter Reformation

Bohemia (Czech.) Ethnic factors determined course in Eastern Europe Czechs in Bohemia in 15th C., had adopted ideas of Jan Hus, German emperor forced to recognize separate Hussite church Lutheranism appealed to Germans in Bohemia, and nobility embraced this in opp. to Catholic Habsburgs.

Poland Luther’s ideas took root in Germanized towns of Poland-Lithuania but opposed by King Sigismund I as well as ordinary Poles w/strong anti-German feeling. Calvin’s reform appealed to the Polish nobility which stressed the power of church elders Differences amongst these reform groups led to disunity and Catholicism was restored by 1650, due to the efforts of the Jesuits

Hungary Lutheranism spread by students who studied at Wittenberg, and developed sympathy at the court of King Louis II. Ottoman sultan Suleiman crushed the Hungarians in 1526 and divided kingdom into 3 parts. Turkish indifference to religious conflicts of Christians, led the nobility to accept Lutheranism Lutheran school and parishes multiplied, peasants welcomed the faith. Majority were Protestant until late 17th C., when nobles recognized Habsburg (Catholic) rule and Ottoman Turks withdrew in 1699 leading to Catholic restoration

The Counter-Reformation Some rights reserved by Lawrence OP The Counter-Reformation

For every action…

There is an equal and opposite reaction There is an equal and opposite reaction. -- Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A Response is Necessary.

The Revival of Spirituality Counter-Reformation The Council of Trent The Society of Jesus The Revival of Spirituality

Pope Paul III (1534-49) 1542 Pope Paul III established the Holy Office w/jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition. Six cardinals had power to arrest, imprison, and executed suspected heretics. Published the Index of Prohibited Books, forbidden reading by works of Christian humanists as well as by Protestants. In Papal States, the Inquisition destroyed heresy, influence was slight though, elsewhere.

COUNCIL of TRENT 1545-1563

AFFIRMATION of Catholic Doctrine COUNCIL of TRENT 1545-1563 AFFIRMATION of Catholic Doctrine

REFORMATION of Church Practice COUNCIL of TRENT 1545-1563 REFORMATION of Church Practice

AFFIRMATION of Catholic DOCTRINE Reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the teaching on transubstantiation (bread and wine of Eucharist literally became Christ’s body and blood)

Sources of Authority Scripture Tradition Magisterium The Foundation of Catholic Doctrine Photo Credit:  GleesonLibraryRBR Tradition Respect for Precedent Magisterium Teaching Authority of Pope & Bishops Photo Credit: Catholic Church (England & Wales)

REFORMATION of Church PRACTICE

Quality of Priests Council required every diocese to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy.  Some rights reserved by juglar del zipa

Seminaries Laid great emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, especially the uneducated. Some rights reserved by infomatique

Corruption

Corruption SALE of Indulgences Indulgences

The Society of Jesus aka Jesuits

Ignatius of Loyola FOUNDER The Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola FOUNDER Powerful role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.

Young Ignatius Loyola before becoming a priest A Converted Knight Young Ignatius Loyola before becoming a priest Spent year in seclusion, prayer, gaining insight into his great classic, Spiritual Exercises (1548) Structured meditation to allow one to meld one’s will with God’s

Spiritual Warfare Some rights reserved by Jeff Kubina

MISSION: Counter the Reformation Loyola joined six companions and in 1540 secured papal approval of the new Society of Jesus, to “help souls,” in essence, spread the Roman Catholic faith

Jesuit schools and universities still thrive all over the world.

The Revival of Spirituality

Monastic Reformer, Theologian, & Mystic St. Teresa of Avila Monastic Reformer, Theologian, & Mystic Ursuline order of nuns founded by Angela Merici focused exclusively on teaching young girls, goal of re-Christianizing society by training future wives and mothers.

simplicity

Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa Photo by Lawrence OP

Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying Photo by Lawrence OP

The Revival of Spirituality The Council of Trent The Society of Jesus The Revival of Spirituality Counter-Reformation