Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Unit 6: Lets discuss the different kinds of Memory! Rajeev Gupta (Mr. RAJ) 15 Years of IT & Training Experience in Hardware and Networking. Training is my Passion. I am really excited about brining this information to you. I will do my best to give you a perfect place to launch an IT career and I promise it will help you tremendously in knowing how the PC works. You will be building on the foundation no matter where you go. 1

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Measuring memory Cells – Store a single bit of data – 0 or 1 – Represents on/off or yes/no Measurement units – Bit – Nibble = 4 bits – Byte = 8 bits – Word = based on CPU 32-bit processor: 32-bit word 64-bit processor: 64-bit word Byte (B) = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 1,073,741,824 bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory types Classify memory as: – Volatile vs. non-volatile – Static vs. dynamic – Asynchronous vs. synchronous

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Dynamic vs. static memory Dynamic (DRAM) – Must be continually refreshed – Inexpensive – Small Static (SRAM) – Refreshing not required – More expensive – Larger – Faster Typical uses – Main system memory: DRAM – Cache memory and CMOS: SRAM

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Asynchronous vs. synchronous Asynchronous – Not synchronized to system clock – Consistent time to access and read data Synchronous – Synchronized to system clock – Accesses data and returns in one or more clock cycles SDRAM faster than ADRAM

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Why RAM is needed O.S. Programs User Files Hard Disk RAM Kernel of O.S. Currently running Programs Currently open files Processor External Data Bus Data and instructions Registers ALU Control Unit

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Pentium CPU North Bridge (Memory Controller) Dimm 1 (168 pin) 64 bits wide The data bus and the address bus are collectively know as the frontside bus The Northbridge chip connects all intelligent peripherals e.g. CPU, RAM, graphics

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Development of RAM = 16 bit external data bus 386/486 = 32 bit external data bus Pentium = 64 bit external data bus or The DIMM was developed to keep pace with the 64 bit external data bus of the Pentium processor Intel and AMD are currently planning processors with 128-bit external data buses. These systems will need 2 64-bit 184-pin DIMMs per bank

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Banking RAM = Width of external data bus bit width of the SIMM or DIMM Questions No. of SIMMs/DIMMs in a bank Q1. How many 72-pin SIMMs are needed to fill a bank on a Pentium Pro? Q2. How many 184-pin DIMMs are needed to fill a bank on an Athlon XP? Motherboard manufacturers organize RAM slots electronically into banks. Each bank of data can deliver the full width of the external data bus. A bank on a 486 is 32 bits wide. A bank on a Pentium is 64 bits wide

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Development of RAM 8088 – 1Mb of RAM 286 – 4Mb of RAM Mb of RAM Pentium - 32Mb of RAM Pentium II - 64Mb of RAM Pentium IV or Athlon – 128Mb to 4Gb RAM Athlon 64 – potentially 172,000,000 Gb RAM!!!

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Measuring RAM Made up of individual bits which are 1s or 0s (5v or 0v) 8 bits = 1 byte A byte represents a character, number or symbol 1024 bytes = a kilobyte 1024 kilobytes = a megabyte 1024 megabytes = a gigabyte

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Volatile: Loses contents without power Non-volatile: Keeps contents without power RAMVolatile Random access memory CMOSVolatile Complementary metal oxide semiconductor ROMNon-volatile Read-only memory PROMNon-volatile Programmable read-only memory EPROMNon-volatile Erasable programmable read-only memory EEPROMNon-volatile Electronically erasable programmable read-only memory FlashNon-volatile

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! RAM – Basic Points Temporary storage area for programs and data Volatile Very fast – in some cases thousands of times faster than a HDD Accessing data from RAM RAM is very sensitive to ESD – always store in anti-static bags!

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory access types DRAMDynamic RAMOlder technology FPMFast Page ModeImproved over DRAM VRAMVideo RAMDual port, optimized for video EDOExtended Data OutImproved over FPM BEDOBurst Extended Data OutAdds pipelining to EDO ADRAMAsynchronous DRAMNot synchronized to the system clock SDRAMSynchronous DRAMInterleaving permits overlapped requests DRDRAMDirect Rambus DRAM16-bit memory bus and two transfers per clock cycle continued

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory access types, continued DDRDouble Data RateDouble transfer rate of SDRAM with two transfers per clock cycle DDR2Double Data Rate 264 bits per transfer to double DDR performance DDR3Double Data Rate 3Transfers data at a rate of 800–1600 MHz

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Access time Latency Memory speed – Nanoseconds vs. megahertz Overall speed – Doesnt include latency – Doesnt consider bus speed Bandwidth

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Speed ratings

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Packaging Early PCs used individual chips No more than 1 MB of memory continued

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Packaging, continued Package – Small circuit board – Also called a module – Installed in slot Module contains – Memory chips – Connecting wires – Support chips – Pins or edge contacts

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Single- and double-sided modules Early DRAM had chips on just one side Double memory by placing chips on both sides Double-sided modules have two rows of pins at bottom – Pins on front arent connected to pins on back Number of DRAM chips no longer corresponds to data being stored

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! DIPP Dual Inline Pin Package Connected directly to the motherboard Took up a lot of space on the motherboard Replaced by SIPPs

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! DIPPs soldered into a motherboard

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! SIPP Single Inline Pin Package Eliminated need for individually installing memory modules 30 pins but easy to break Very quickly replaced by 30-pin SIMMs

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! RAM SIMM Single In-Line Memory Module FPM (Fast Page Mode) DRAM 30 or 72 pin connector 30-pin SIMM could send/receive 8 bits of data Parity checking Installed in pairs due to 16 bit memory bus of the processors 72-pin SIMM could send/receive 32 bits of data and processors had a 32 bit memory bus and used 72 pin SIMMs allowing up to 256Mb RAM A SIMM can be single or double sided

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Calculating 72-pin SIMM capacity 4 x 32 SIMM module has 4 x 32 megabit chips on the circuit board Each 72-pin SIMM is 32 bits wide

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! 72-pin SIMM Questions Write down the capacities of the 72-pin SIMM modules corresponding to the specifications listed below 1 x 32 4 x 32 8 x x 32

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! RAM DIMM Dual In Line Memory Module All DIMMs are 64 bit 168-pin used for DRAM and SDRAM 184-pin used for DDR RAM Send/receive 64 bits of data Capacity of 8Mb to 1Gb per module ECC A DIMM can be single or double sided

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! RAM SODIMM Small Outline Dual In Line Memory Module 144 pin Used in laptops Physically smaller than standard DIMMs

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! RAM RIMM Rambus inline memory module (aka RDRAM) Used only in Pentium 4 systems Uses heat spreader 184-pin RIMM for desktops 160-pin SORIMM for laptops RIMMs must be installed in pairs Continuity RIMMs (CRIMMs) installed in unused slots

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! DRAM Types FPM RAM EDO RAM SDRAM DDR SDRAM RDRAM VRAM WRAM

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! FPM RAM Fast Page Mode Random Access Memory Access speed = time taken for FPM chip to supply Northbridge with data – measured in nanoseconds 60ns is faster than 100ns

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! EDO RAM Extended Data Out Random Access Memory Early 1990s – used with some 486s and with Pentiums Came in 72-pin SIMM or 168-pin DIMM Needed special Northbridge design Needed less refreshing than FPM RAM so data was available to the processor more often Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is 264 MBps. Used throughout the 1990s Eventually replaced by SDRAM

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Tecnically correct name is SDR SDRAM 4 to 6 times faster than FPM and EDO RAM Linked to the system clock on motherboard (Unlike FPM and EDO) – resulting in less time wasted by the processor waiting for data (66, 75, 83, 100, 133) Mhz are the common SDRAM speeds N.B. SDRAM speed must be equal to or faster than the motherboard speed 168-pin DIMMs PC100/133 standards Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is 528 MBps

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Double Pumping First used with AMD Athlon processor Enabled the Athlon to send/receive two bits of data with every clock cycle to/from the Northbridge Effectively doubles the system bus speed (motherboard speed) Athlons with 100 Mhz or 133Mhz FSBs between the Northbridge and the CPU ran at 200Mhz or 266Mhz Double Pumping systems use DDR SDRAM CPUNorthbridge DDR SDRAM 133Mhz 266Mhz System clock speed (motherboard speed)

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Quad Pumping CPUNorthbridge RDRAM 133Mhz 533Mhz System clock speed (motherboard speed) Pentium 4s with 100 Mhz or 133Mhz FSBs between the Northbridge and the CPU ran at 400Mhz or 533Mhz SDRAM wasnt fast enough to handle the quad-pumped Front-side Bus Intel developed their own Rambus DRAM instead (RDRAM) Quad Pumping systems use RDRAM (effectively Pentium 4s)

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate synchronous dynamic RAM Processor can read/write from DDR SDRAM on both the up and down cycle of the clock Works with Athlon and later AMD processors double-pumped FSB Runs at 200, 266, 333 or 400 MHz 184-pin DIMMs Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is 1064 MBps Intel has given in and now supports DDR SDRAM!

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Naming DDR SDRAM Speed in Mhz of DDR RAM module X 8 bytes Pentium IV and AMD processors have a 64 bit data bus which is 8 bytes Eg: 200 Mhz DDR SDRAM = PC1600 then Round up or down to the nearest 100

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! DDR SDRAM Questions Write down the DDR SDRAM module names corresponding to the speeds listed below. 200 Mhz (DDR200) 266 Mhz (DDR266) 333 Mhz (DDR333) 400 Mhz (DDR400) Its possible to mix DDR SDRAM speeds on the same motherboard. Check the manual for accepted speeds before you attempt this!

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Package types: laptops MICRODIMM 144-pin SODIMM 144-pin SODIMM 200-pin – DDR – DDR2 SODIMM 204-pin

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory error recovery Parity Detects an error ECC Detects and corrects an error Desktop memory No parity or ECC Server memory Often includes parity or ECC

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Parity 9 chips, supports parity 8 chips, no parity

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory installation considerations Banking requirements Proper handling techniques Slot insertion techniques Safe storage BIOS configuration

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Banking requirements Install memory in groups called banks Bank might include 1, 2, or 4 slots Must fill every slot in a bank Might have to use same type and speed of memory in every slot Leave extra banks empty – With DRDRAM, install continuity modules Dual-channel architecture Specific to motherboard

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Proper handling Unplug computer before opening it Ground yourself to computers chassis Move around as little as possible Lay module in static-safe packaging atop the computers power supply to safely discharge potential differences Always handle modules by their edges Never touch chips or contacts

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Inserting memory modules 1.Insert module at 45-degree angle 2.While pushing into slot, move module to fully vertical or horizontal position Clips should engage automatically when module is fully seated

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Removing a module 1.Gently release the retaining clips at both ends of the module 2.Move the module to a 45-degree angle 3.Remove the module

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Storage Store in: – Original packaging – Static-safe bag Static-safe bag – Metal-coated plastic – Conductive – Transmits static charges slowly

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! CMOS configuration BIOS checks memory at boot Compares actual memory with CMOS entry Follow prompt to update CMOS entry

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory in handheld computers Expandable memory, a feature of more expensive handhelds Some use modules similar to those in notebooks Others use memory cards similar to those in digital cameras Consult the manual

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Task Manager Windows GUI utility Provides information on processes running Version available in all Windows OSs – Windows 9x/Me Program List – Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista Task Manager Access: – Ctrl + Alt + Delete – Right-click empty space in the taskbar and choose Task Manager – Ctrl + Shift + Esc

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! The Performance tab CPU Usage CPU Usage History Memory (Vista) PF Usage (XP/2000) Physical Memory Usage History (Vista) Page File Usage History (XP/ 2000) System (Vista) Totals (XP/2000) Physical Memory Commit Charge Kernel Memory Summary data

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Virtual memory

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Optimizing the page file On boot partition by default Determined by amount of RAM Size automatically increases or decreases for best performance Can manually override the settings Page file size: – RAM × 1.5 – Systems peak commit value Can move file to different hard disk

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory testing POST not sufficient Use testing utility – Memtest86 Free, open source – Microsoft Windows Memory Diagnostic Free, unsupported – DocMemory Diagnostic Free, unsupported Boot from floppy or CD Full test suite can take many hours

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memtest86 Popular free memory- testing utility Can test any Intel x86 computer

Mr. RAJs Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702) Contact: Online Exams: Wiki & Notes: Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Rajs Authorization! Memory-related problems 201 BIOS error code at boot time Parity error message Computer randomly freezes (locks up) or crashes Wrong amount of memory reported by the BIOS Windows reports General Protection Fault, Page Fault, or Exception errors Random crashes, corrupted data, strange application behavior