Science 10 Provincial Review Ecosystems Science 10 Provincial Review

Biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the biosphere Introduction Biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the biosphere Energy flow and nutrient cycles support life in ecosystems Ecosystems continually change over time (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Biomes (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Biomes Biome: a region with similar biotic and abiotic components Biotic = living things Abiotic = non-living things (air, water, soil, etc.) See pages 8 -10 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Biosphere Species – organisms that can reproduce with each other Population – all the members of a species Community – populations of different species (It’s home eg. tidepool) (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Biomes of the World (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Annual Temperature vs. Annual Precipitation of Biomes (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Little precipitation, usually snow Strong winds Little soil Polar Ice Large polar ice caps Cold year-round Little precipitation, usually snow Strong winds Little soil (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Upper Northern Hemisphere Cold and dark Little precipitation Tundra Upper Northern Hemisphere Cold and dark Little precipitation Permafrost Summer marshes (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Northern Hemisphere Cold Some precipitation Short summer Wet soil Boreal Forest Northern Hemisphere Cold Some precipitation Short summer Wet soil Coniferous trees (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Temperate Deciduous Forest Moderate climate and rainfall Large, distinct seasonal changes Prolific plant and animal life (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Temperate Rainforest – our home! Lots of rain Warm Along coastlines that are back by mountains Tall trees (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Hot summers and cold winters Flat land with fertile soil Grassland Prairies Hot summers and cold winters Flat land with fertile soil Scarcity of trees Large grazing mammals (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Greatest diversity of animals Tropical Rainforest Around equator Lots of rainfall Warm temperatures Poor soil nutrients Great plant diversity Greatest diversity of animals (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Either hot or cold deserts Little rain Salty soil Few plants Waxy leaves to store water Replies are common (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Biomes of the World (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Climatographs Climate: average pattern of weather conditions of a large region A climatograph shows the average temperature and precipitation Biomes are often defined using information in climatographs. See pages 16 - 17 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Climatographs (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

The “Locals” (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Adaptations An adaptation is a characteristic that allows an organism to better survive in its biome and reproduce. Structural adaptation – a physical feature that helps an organism survive A wolf has large paws to help it run in snow. Physiological adaptation – a physical or chemical event inside the body of an organism that allows it to survive A wolf maintains a constant body temperature. Behavioural adaptation – a behaviour that helps an organism to survive Wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Predator-Prey (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Predator-Prey (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Symbiosis Symbiotic relationships - interactions between members of two different species that live together in a close association Commensalism –one species benefits, one is not affected Eg: barnacles on a whale Mutualism – both species benefit Eg: bee gathering nectar from a flower Parasitism – one species benefits, other is harmed Eg: hookworm living in dogs (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Energy & Nutrients

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Representing energy moving through ecosystems Food chains Food webs Food pyramids (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Examples of terrestrial and aquatic food chains 4th trophic level 3rd trophic level 2nd trophic level 1st trophic level (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Food Webs (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Energy Flow and Energy Loss Note: 80-90% of energy taken in is “lost” as heat (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Food Pyramids Eats carnivore Eats herbivore Eats plants Plants (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Consumers in a food chain can be classified as: Detrivores –obtain energy from dead organisms and waste matter Ex. earthworms, bacteria, fungi feed at every trophic level have own, separate food chains and are very numerous Herbivores – primary consumers eat plants (producers) only Carnivores – secondary or tertiary consumers Secondary consumers - eat non-producers, such as herbivores Tertiary consumers - eat secondary consumers Omnivores – eat both plants and animals Ex. Humans, bears (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Nutrient Cycles: Carbon Cycle (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Nitrogen Cycle (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Phosphorus Cycle (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Bioaccumulation (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

PCB’s – was used in paints, plastics etc; DDT – a persistent organic pollutant (POP); insecticide introduced in 1941 to control mosquitoes; remains in the soil a long time PCB’s – was used in paints, plastics etc; - long half life Heavy Metals - lead, cadmium, mercury (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Natural Change (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Adaptive radiation - type of natural selection where Natural Change Natural selection - process where individuals with advantages are better able to reproduce and pass along their traits Adaptive radiation - type of natural selection where many different species appear from one original species Primary succession - begins with bare rock such as where glaciers scrape away dirt or a volcano erupts Secondary succession - occurs after a major disturbance in an area that already has soil and once had living organisms. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Environmental Concerns

Environmental Concerns Sustainability – being able to maintain ecological processes and biodiversity over time – health now and for the future Invasive species –introduced species that are not native to an area ex.american bullfrog Competition: can throw off this balance (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007