The Black Death.

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Presentation transcript:

The Black Death

The Black Death, 1347-1351 Preconditions Progress Impact of the plague Short term Intermediate Long term

The Black Death, 1347-1351 Preconditions Food Shortages (1310s) lead to death, disease, and malnutrition Concentration of populations in cities and towns International Trade Three varieties spread by fleas on black rats Bubonic: 50-60 Percent Die in 3-4 Days Pneumonic: 75-80 Percent Die in 1-2 Days Septicaemic: 95-100 Percent Die in 1 Day Progress of disease Asian origins: Caffa on Black Sea Nov-Dec 1347 To Mediterranean by end of December Clockwise spiral through 1348 to 1350

Spread of the Black Death

The Black Death (continued) Results: 30-40 % of population died Groups Affected: young, old, poor, & urban (Examples: Venice, Genoa, Paris) Villages and towns disappear: 40,000 in Germany by 1450 (24 % of pre-plague total) Medical “care” via trial and (much) error Medical training theoretical rather than practical

Population Losses (in Millions) 1340 1450 Total Losses = c. 75 million (30-40% of the population)

The Black Death (continued) Results: 30-40 % of population decimated Groups Affected: young, old, poor, & urban (examples: Venice, Genoa, Paris) Villages and towns disappear: 40,000 in Germany by 1450 (24 % of pre-plague total) Medical “care” via trial and (much) error Recurrences 6 more outbreaks by 1406 Comes back again till late 17th century European population down 75 % by 1450

The Black Death: Short-term Impact Profound psychological uncertainty Life seen as cheap Adoption of extreme attitudes: hedonism and asceticism Looking for scapegoats

Hedonism: Portrayal in Boccaccio’s Decameron (1351)

Flagellants Flagellants were groups of Christians who subjected themselves to ritualized whipping as atonement for sin. 1348-49 in Low Countries and Germany In 1349, the Church declared the flagellants were heretics.

Response: Finding Scapegoats Image of Jews Poisoning Wells

Result: Persecution of Jews

Intermediate Impact: Economic Change and Rebellions Social Dislocations on Farms and in Cities Wages Up High Demand for Luxury Goods Rents not Dues French Jacquerie, 1358 Rural terrorism Urban Revolts: Ciompi, 1378 English Peasants’ Revolt, 1381

Intermediate Impact: Economic Change and Rebellions Social Dislocations on Farms and in Cities Wages Up High Demand for Luxury Goods Rents not Dues French Jacquerie, 1358 Urban Revolts: Ciompi, 1378 English Peasants’ Revolt, 1381

Long-Term Impacts of Plague Family structure: men marry younger Gendering of the workplace Generalized obsession with death Ars moriendi Human/people centered L’danse macabre or the Totentanz Leveling of society

Dancing with Death

Dancing with Death

Long-Term Impacts of Plague Family structure: men marry younger Gendering of the workplace Generalized obsession with death Sermons, Wills, “Ring Around the rosy” Ars moriendi: preoccupation with death in art L’danse macabre or the Totentanz Leveling of Society Human/People Centered Emacipation of the peasantry