DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis Packet 9

Notes: DNA page 1

Notes: DNA large all nucleus Genetic information DNA is a very _________ nucleic acid found in ______ cells. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the ____________ of the cell. The DNA in a single cell contains all of the _____________ _________________ needed to create an organism. These instructions can be passed from one generation to the next large all nucleus Genetic information

The building blocks of DNA: Every DNA molecule is made by joining many ___________________ (monomer) together There are ____ different DNA nucleotides. ____ = Cytosine ____ = Guanine ____ = Adenine ____ = Thymine nucleotides 4 C G A T

The building blocks of DNA: Each nucleotide is made up of 3 parts: The is a _______________ GROUP is a _________________ (a sugar in DNA) A __________________ BASE (such as G, C, A or T) PHOSPHATE DEOXYRIBOSE nitrogenous

A Large Molecule: nucleotides DOUBLE helix Watson Crick For DNA to form, MANY ___________________ bond together. DNA’s shape is called a ____________ _________, which means it looks like a twisted ladder. DNA’s shape was discovered by: ____________ & ___________ DOUBLE helix Watson Crick

DNA Structure sugar Phosphate strong hydrogen The backbones (sides) are made up of alternating _________ & ______________ molecules which are held together by _____________ covalent bonds. The steps or rungs are made up of pairs of nitrogenous bases held together by WEAK _____________ bonds. sugar Phosphate strong hydrogen

DNA Structure C T G always pairs with ___ A always pairs with ___ The BASE PAIRING RULE states that in a DNA molecule: G always pairs with ___ A always pairs with ___ G T C A T C

DNA Structure complementary C T The opposite strands are ______________________(which means that they fit together like puzzle pieces… they are NOT identical) If you have a single strand of DNA, you can use the base pairing rule to figure out the other strand that pairs up with it. The BASE PAIRING RULES states that G pairs with ____ and A pairs with ___ Example: If there are 1000 Guanine in a molecule of DNA, what must also be true?_________________________________ If you know the number of Adenine, what else would you know?_________________________________________ C T There are 1000 cytosine Then you know the # of thymine

There are also 1000 Cytosine There are 1500 Adenine & 1500 thymine Question: If there are 1000 Guanine in a molecule of DNA, what must also be true? _________________________________ If you know the DNA molecule is made up of 5000 nucleotides, what else can you determine? ________________________________________ ___________________________ There are also 1000 Cytosine There are 1500 Adenine & 1500 thymine 5000 – 2000 (G & C) = 3000 3000/2 = 1500

DNA Structure replication Before a cell can divide, it must make a copy of all its instructions (the DNA). _________________ - the name of the process in which the cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. When cells reproduce asexually, they split in half. That means ½ of everything goes to each new cell. Each cell must get an identical copy of the DNA. replication

DNA Structure The steps of replication are shown below: Picture 1: Original double stranded molecule of DNA

DNA Structure Helicase The steps of replication are shown below: Picture 2: ____________ (an enzyme) unzips the two strands of DNA. Helicase

DNA Structure DNA POLYMERASE The steps of replication are shown below: Picture 3: ______ ________________ (another enzyme) uses the original DNA as a template to build the new strands. DNA POLYMERASE

DNA Structure identical The steps of replication are shown below: Picture 4: When replication is complete, the end result is two _____________ molecules of DNA. identical

DNA Replication Semiconservative Replication of DNA is a _____________________________ process. This means that every molecule of DNA is made up of one original strands and one newly created strand. The picture below shows a strand of DNA that is going through replication. The middle picture shows the newly formed DNA molecules. Each one contains 1 of the strands from the original molecule.

Practice: Structure of DNA Page 3

Structure of DNA Worksheet Double helix 1. The shape of DNA is called a __________ ________. 2. Which scientists discovered the true shape of DNA? ____________ & _________ 3. DNA is made up of many individual __________________ joined together   Watson Crick nucleotides

Structure of DNA Worksheet 4. Each nucleotide is made up of three parts (shown in the picture to the right), they are: Part 1 = ___________________________ Part 2 = _________________________ Part 3 = ____________________ Nitrogenous base Phosphate group Deoxyribose

Structure of DNA Worksheet 5. Two nitrogen bases are held together by weak ______________ bonds. 6. Which nitrogenous bases in DNA are complementary to one another? __________________ with __________________ hydrogen Guanine Cytosine Adenine Thymine

Structure of DNA Worksheet 7. The sides (or backbone) of the DNA ladder are made up of two parts that alternate: _______________ and __________________ 8. A strong _________________ bond holds the sides of the DNA ladder together. (The bond between the two compounds in question number 7) 9. Two ___________________ __________ join together to make up the “rungs” of the DNA ladder. Sugar phosphate covalent Nitrogenous bases

Structure of DNA Worksheet 10. DNA is unzipped & two identical copies of DNA are made by a process called __________________. 11. A cell must make a copy of all of its DNA before the cell is able to _______________________________ 12. A piece of a molecule of DNA is made up of 1000 nucleotides. If you know that 20% (or 200) of the nucleotides contain Thymine, then how many nucleotides must contain Guanine? replication Divide (or reproduce) T = 200 A = 200 … (A + T = 400) 600 left (must be G + C)… C = 300 & G = 300

DNA Crossword Puzzle Page 4

DNA Crossword Puzzle – page 4 4. The name of the enzyme that unzips the two strands of DNA. 5. The type of strong bond that holds that backbone of a DNA molecule together. 6. Cytosine is complementary to __. 7. The genetic code of all cells is written it the __. 10. The type of weak bond that holds two bases together Helicase Covalent Guanine dna hydrogen

DNA Crossword Puzzle – page 4 12. The enzyme that builds the new strands of DNA during replication 13. The process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. 14. The other scientists that discovered the shape of DNA. 16. A is the symbol for which base? 17. G, C, A and T are the 4 different ___ found in a DNA molecule. Dna polymerase replication watson adenine Nitrogenous bases

DNA Crossword Puzzle – page 4 Down 1. What do the initials DNA stand for? 2. The sugar in a DNA nucleotide 3. The rule that tells you that G always pairs with C and A pairs with T. 5. When you know one half of a DNA molecule, you know the other since it is ___ . Deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose Base pairing complementary

DNA Crossword Puzzle – page 5 Down 8. The backbone of DNA is made up of a sugar and a ___ group. 9. One of the men that discovered the shape of DNA? 11. The shape of DNA 15. The monomers or building blocks of DNA. phosphate crick Double helix nucleotides

Notes: RNA page 5

Notes: RNA smaller RNA = _____________ Nucleic Acid than DNA RNA DNA

RNA Structure nucleotides U ___________ – a sugar A ____________ group RNA is made from many ___________________ just like DNA Each nucleotide is made up of 3 parts: ___________ – a sugar A ____________ group A ______________ base (G, C, A & ___) G ribose T Phosphate U Nitrogenous

RNA Structure Characteristics: RNA DNA ribose Deoxyribose G, C, A & U Sugar used in a nucleotide # strands in a molecule nitrogen bases used ribose Deoxyribose 1 (various shapes) 2 (double Helix) G, C, A & U G, C, A & T U = Uracil

mRNA What it does Other info What it looks like codon Carries a recipe from the DNA (in the nucleus) to a ribosome (in the cytoplasm) It is complementary to a single strand of DNA. 3 mRNA letters are called a _____________ (ex: AUG) A long straight chain (has Us – no Ts) codon

Protein wrapped around RNA rRNA What it does Other info What it looks like Combines with proteins to form the ribosome. Made up of two parts (subunits) that snap together around the mRNA. Protein wrapped around RNA

tRNA What it does Other info What it looks like Transfer = move Delivers the correct amino acids to the ribosome Transfer = move It also translates the recipe that the ribosome is reading You see a ‘t shape’ in the middle of it

DNA RNA  Protein How is RNA made? A small piece of DNA is used to create a strand of RNA… this is called _______________________. Each molecule of mRNA contains a single _________ for making one protein. DNA is the entire cookbook of all the recipes your cells will ever need to survive. transcription recipe

Study Guide: Comparing DNA & RNA            

DNA RNA          

Label the parts of the nucleotides that make up the strands of DNA & RNA below. Hydrogen Bond Word Bank Covalent Bond Deoxyribose Hydrogen Bond Nitrogen Base Nucleotide Phosphate Group Ribose Covalent Bond phospate deoxyribose Nucleotide phospate ribose Nitrogen Base

1. When DNA unzips to make more DNA, the process it is going through is called ____________________. 2. When DNA unzips and to be copied into a strand of RNA, the process occurring is called _________________. 3. DNA and RNA are both made of ____________________; ___________ is very large and contains 25,000+ recipes or instructions; __________ is much smaller and is only a copy of 1 of the recipes or instructions. replication transcription Nucleotides DNA RNA

4. This type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome - _____________. 5. This RNA is found as part of a ribosome - ______________. 6. This RNA contains a recipe for making a protein. It travels from the DNA to a ribosome _________________. trna rrna mrna

Notes: Protein Synthesis pages 7-8

Notes: Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis = making a protein by joining together many ________ ________ in a specific order. There are only ___ different amino acids normally found in most humans. _______________ amino acids must be eaten because the body can’t make them. _____________________ amino acids can be made by the body from other amino acids. Amino acids 20 Essential Non-essential

Notes: Protein Synthesis number order The __________ & _________of the amino acids affect which protein is made. Each protein can be _______ to _______ of amino acids long. The original recipe for making the protein is stored in the ___________________.   A copy of the instructions has to be sent to the __________________ so that it can make the protein 100’s 1000’s DNA ribosome

Notes: Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis has 2 steps = ______________________ + _____________________ DNA mRNA Protein transcription translation

1st Step = Transcription (a.k.a. making a copy of the recipe) A complementary strand of ________ is formed from a strand of DNA. This occurs in the _______________. mRNA nucleus

2nd Step = Translation (a.k.a. building the protein) The _____________ builds the protein. ribosome

Transcription + Translation

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) After transcription, the mRNA carries a ___________ for making a protein to the ribosome. The recipe is written using the letters G, C, A & U. RECIPE

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) Step 1: A ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the letters ______ (this is the _______ ________). These three letters are special because they show the ribosome where the recipe starts. AUG Start codon

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) Step 2: The ribosome reads the mRNA letters in sets of 3. Every 3 mRNA letters are called a ________. codon

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) Step 3: A tRNA enters the ribosome carrying an _______ ______. It can only drop off an amino acid if the tRNA is complementary to the mRNA. Three tRNA letters that match up with mRNA are called an ______________. Amino acid Anticodon

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) Step 4: The ribosome moves down the mRNA to read the next codon… Steps 2 and 3 are repeated hundreds of times until a long chain of amino acids is joined together.

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) Step 5: The ribosome is finished making the protein when it reads a ________ codon on the mRNA. Stop

(Specifics about Translation… the second part of protein synthesis) The amino acids are held together by __________ bonds. A chain of amino acids is called a _______________ or protein. peptide polypeptide

Some examples of important proteins in our body: _____________ - help with the chemical reactions in your body (metabolism). ________________ - covers the red blood cells & helps carry oxygen to the cells in your body. __________- helps maintain blood sugar homeostasis. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. enzymes hemoglobin Insulin

Diagram of Protein Synthesis (Transcription + Translation) Label Name A Nucleus B mRNA E G Translation Label Name C D E F G Ribosome F Codon tRNA B Anticodon D Amino acid What are methionine and phenylalanine? Amino acids

Practice with Protein Synthesis page 9

Use the chart on the right to complete the questions & the table. Find the amino acid Methionine on the chart below. What are the 3 letters in its codon (start in the middle)? ____________ 2. Which two mRNA codons both code for the amino acid histidine? _______________ AUG CAC & CAU

Use the chart on the right to complete the questions & the table. 3. What are the six different mRNA codons code for Arginine? List them __________________________________________________ ________________________ 4. Which codons code for a STOP instead of an amino acid? ____________________ AGG, AGA, CGG, CGA, CGC & CGU UAG, UAA & UGA

Lysine Alanine Aspartic Acid Stop DNA (triplet) mRNA (codon) Amino Acid T C G A AAA Lysine GCG Alanine Aspartic Acid GAU UGA Stop

GLyCine Valine Glutamine Tryptophan A G PhenyLalanine T C U UUU CAG DNA (triplet) mRNA (codon) Amino Acid A G T C Tryptophan U UUU PhenyLalanine First Letter in the codon A Lysine Asparagine Arginine Serine Isoleucine Methionine Threonine G U C Third letter in the codon Glutamic acid Aspartic acid Glycine Valine Alanine Stop codon Tyrosine Tryptophan Cysteine Leucine Phenylalanine Glutamine Histidine Proline Second Letter in the Codon CAG Glutamine CCT GLyCine ACC UGG CAC Valine

The wrong amino acids would be put in a chain First Letter in the codon A Lysine Asparagine Arginine Serine Isoleucine Methionine Threonine G U C Third letter in the codon Glutamic acid Aspartic acid Glycine Valine Alanine Stop codon Tyrosine Tryptophan Cysteine Leucine Phenylalanine Glutamine Histidine Proline Second Letter in the Codon 1. What process uses DNA to make mRNA? ______________________ 2. What process occurs at the ribosome (reading the mRNA & building the chain of amino acids)? ___________________________ transcription Translation What could happen if you make a mistake making the mRNA from the DNA? ________________________________________________________________ 4. When the cell makes these mistakes we call them __________________ The wrong amino acids would be put in a chain mutations

Notes: Changes in the Genetic Code page 10

Notes: Changes in the Genetic Code Mutation _____________ = A change (mistake) in the DNA sequence Can be _______________ and even reduce ones chance of survival. Necessary _____________ may be changed or not made at all. Can ________ the cell from functioning correctly. Some forms of ______________ are the result of a mutation in a gene that tells the cells to stop dividing. harmful Proteins sTOP Cancer

Notes: Changes in the Genetic Code Mutations can actually be ______________ to a species since they help provide genetic diversity. Changes in our appearance are due to mutations in human DNA. What causes mutations: Exposure to __________________ and/or certain ________________ Some mutations are simply random mistakes or changes. beneficial Radiation chemicals

Point 1 Glycine

Frame-shift Location shape stop different Alanine Iso leucine Glutamic Acid shape stop different Leucine

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells; it is made out of 146 amino acids… its recipe is over 440 nucleotides long. Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a DNA mutation in which ___ letter (nucleotide) in the instructions for making hemoglobin is wrong. The end result causes defective red blood cells to form in the body 1

Protein Synthesis Overview page 10

Protein Synthesis Overview Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation): 1. Transcription is making a strand of ______________ using ______________ as a template. 2. Where does transcription occur in the cell? ___________________________

Protein Synthesis Overview 3. Use the DNA sequence below to complete the transcription of DNA into mRNA. You have already been given the first codon (AUG). (DNA) TAC-AGG-GTA-TAA-CCA-CGA-TCT-GGG-ATT (mRNA) AUG-____-____-____ -____-____-____-____-____

Protein Synthesis Overview 4. Use an amino acid chart to look up each mRNA codon above. Write down the amino acid coded for by each codon. Be sure to put them in the correct order (the first one has been done for you). (mRNA) AUG-UCC-CAU-AUU-GGU-GCU-AGA-CCC-UAA Methionine - ______________ - _______________ - ______________ - _______________ - ______________ - _______________ - ______________ - _______________

Protein Synthesis Overview 5. After the mRNA was made in the nucleus, where does it go to finish protein synthesis? __________ 6. Translation is using the instructions written in mRNA to create a ______________________ made out of many _________________ _________________ joined together.

Protein Synthesis Overview 7. What is the amino acid for the DNA code CTT? _________ What is the amino acid for the DNA code GTT? _________ Does the amino acid change if the DNA code mutates from the code CTT to GTT? ___________ 8. If an amino acid only appears on the chart once, what will happen if there is a mutation in the code for that amino acid? _____________________________________________________ 9. Look at the chart. Which amino acids have only one codon (in other words, their name is only on the chart one time)? _____________________________________________________

Protein Synthesis Overview 10. What is the amino acid for the DNA code CCA? _________ What is the amino acid for the DNA code CCG? _________ Does the amino acid change if the DNA code mutates from the code CCA to CCG? ___________ 11. For the amino acids that are on the chart more than once, is it possible that a mutation may not change the amino acid that is being coded for? _______________________________

12. Which 3 amino acids are LEAST likely to change if there is a mutation (hint: it has to do with how many different codons there are for the amino acids on the chart)? _______________________________________ ______________________________________________ 13. Which amino acids on the table below are MOST likely to change if there is a mutation? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Review pages 12-14

Deoxyribonucleic ACID 1) What do the initials DNA stand for? _____________________________ ________________   2) What do the initials RNA stand for? _________________________ ____________________ 3) DNA is responsible for storing and transferring all of the ________________ information from one generation to the next. 4) DNA and RNA are made from many __________________________ joined together (what are their monomers?) . Deoxyribonucleic ACID Ribonucleic Acid genetic nucleotides

7) Name the 3 parts that make up all Nucleotides: Double helix 5) The shape of each DNA molecule is called a ____________________ _____________ (2 words). 6) The shape of DNA was discovered by ______________ & ___________________ 7) Name the 3 parts that make up all Nucleotides: Double helix Watson crick sugar phosphate sugar Nitrogenous base

thymine cytosine Base pairing hydrogen complementary 8) In DNA, each nucleotide is paired with a specific nucleotide: a) Adenine will always pair up with _____________. b) ____________ will always pair up with Guanine. 9) The above statement is called the _____ __________ Rule. 10) Two opposing strands of DNA are held together by a weak ________________ bonds. 11) The two strands are said to be _______________________ (Since by knowing one half you can figure out the other). thymine cytosine Base pairing hydrogen complementary

replication divide helicase Dna polymerase 12) The process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself is called __________________________. 13) Why is it necessary for a cell to make an exact copy of its DNA. What is it getting ready to do?___________________ ___________________________________________________ 14) A / An enzyme called _________________ causes the double stranded DNA to split or “unzip” by breaking the bonds between the base pairs which. 15) A second enzyme called _______________________ is responsible for building the new strand of DNA (and also checking it for mistakes). replication divide helicase Dna polymerase

Mutations Sugar = deoxyribose Sugar = ribose Double stranded 16) Changes or mistakes in DNA are called _____________________________. 17) List three basic differences between DNA and RNA: a. DNA_________________________________ RNA_________________________________ b. DNA_________________________________ c. DNA_________________________________ Mutations Sugar = deoxyribose Sugar = ribose Double stranded Single stranded Big (whole cookbook) Small (Recipe)

G C A T T C A T G ________________________________ 18) Identify the RNA that would form from the following strand of DNA: G C A T T C A T G ________________________________ 19) If the above strand of DNA was changed to: GCA GTC ATG CIRCLE THE MUTATION. What type of mutation caused this change? ________________________________________ C G U A A G U A C Point Mutation

Nucleus to the ribosome 20) Where are the following types of RNA found in a cell. a. mRNA - _________________________________________________________________________ b. tRNA - _________________________________________________________________________ c. rRNA - _________________________________________________________________________ M = Messenger Nucleus to the ribosome T = transfer cytoplasm R = ribosome ribosome

DNA transcription MRNA translation Amino acid 21) Label boxes B & C with the name of the process (replication, translation or transcription) and A, D & E with the name of the structure (rRNA, amino acid, DNA, codon or mRNA) DNA transcription MRNA translation Amino acid

22. Transcription and translation are the two steps involved in __________ _____________ (2 words). 23) Three nucleotides of mRNA are called a/an ____________. 24) Three nucleotides of tRNA are called a/an ______________. 25) Where are the proteins made in a cell (which organelle)? ___________________ Protein synthesis codon anticodon ribosome

26) Proteins (or polypeptides) are made out of many __________ _________ that are bonded together. 27) When using the amino acid table, the codons that do not code for an amino acid are called ____________ ____________. 28) What is the purpose of the above codon? __________________________________________ Amino acids Stop codon To tell the protein it is finished

29) How many mRNA nucleotides would be used to produce a protein that is 1000 amino acids long? To get credit you must show your work (calculations) below. 30) What type of mutation is most likely to cause the biggest change in a protein? __________________ Explain why. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 X 1000 = 3000 frameshift it changes everything after the mutation (everything shifts)

methionine tyrosine Arginine Alanine Stop T A C U A G C T A C c UG G G

1) How many AMINO ACIDS make up the above portion of this protein   2) What TYPE OF BOND is holding the amino acids together? _________________________________ 3) How many CODONS are shown above? __________ 4) How many mRNA NUCLEOTIDES are needed to make up the above section of protein? _________ 5 peptide 6 18