Figure 6 Common signalling mechanisms, pathways,

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Figure 6 Common signalling mechanisms, pathways, frequency of mutations, and copy number alterations (CNA) in bladder cancer Figure 6 | Common signalling mechanisms, pathways, frequency of mutations, and copy number alterations (CNA) in bladder cancer. a | Mutations, copy number alterations, and National Cancer Institute–Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (NCI–MATCH) targets in the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway. b | Mutations, CNA, and NCI–MATCH targets in the p53–Rb pathway. Beneath each gene symbol is the frequency of mutations in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), respectively, and frequency of CNA is also given. Data abstracted from combined next-generation sequencing datasets31 of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) (n = 238 MIBC)4,84, Chinese Cancer Genome Consortium (CCGC) (n = 62 MIBC, n = 37 NMIBC)5, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (n = 2 MIBC, n = 15 NMIBC)88, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute–Broad Institute (n = 50 MIBC)89, and Memorial-Sloan Kettering (n = 83 upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC); a targeted analysis only)44. Glaser, A. P. et al. (2017) The evolving genomic landscape of urothelial carcinoma Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.11