INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY MATA KULIAH PENGANTAR PSIKOLOGI INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY -- By Yanti B. Sugarda --

Definition : Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang perilaku dan proses mental. Psychology is based on scientific methods

Related to thought activities Memory Awareness Thinking Logic Beliefs Ratio Learning Understanding Perception Attention Motivation Learning Intelligence Senses Language Cognitive Aspects Related to thought activities Emotions Attitude Likes/dislikes Feelings B. Affective Aspects Biological Behavior Motoric Behavior Social Behavior/Communication C. Conative Aspects (Behavioral Aspects)

Measurement of Mental Processes and Behavior Psychologists use techniques based on scientific methods by collecting data through : Careful observation Formulating a hypothesis about significance of data Testing the hypothesis empirically Contoh : mengamati sekelompok anak, sedang berantam, hipotesis mengenai penyebab berantam, menguji kebenaran hipotesis.

(Psychological process) Influences Stimulus Reactions/ Responses (Psychological process)

Theory of Need and Motivation Maslow Theory An individual is motivated by 5 basic and hierarchical needs : Physical/Biological Needs Safety Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs

Areas of Psychology Development Psychology Studies mental and physical growth in humans from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adult and old age + gender difference. Physiological Psychology Studies the extent to which behavior is caused by physical conditions in the body, nervous system, and biochemistry. 3. Personality Psychology Studies differences in traits among people, such as anxiety, sociability, self esteem, and aggressiveness.

4. Experimental Psychology Studies basic processes such as learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, emotion. 5. Clinical and Counseling Psychology Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior. Counseling : “normal” problems of adjustment. 6. Social Psychology Studies influence of people on one another. 7. Industrial/Organizational Psychology Address the problem of personnel, training, working conditions, effect of automation.

PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION – (found in all areas) Communication deals with 1. The person as : - an individual - a group 2. The stimulation or message 3. The medium 4. The effect or response 5. The person as : - communicator - receiver All are behavior related Thus, psychology related Psychological influences Medium Communicator Message Receiver

Approaches in Studying Behavior Naturalistic – Observation Study animals and humans behavior in natural setting instead of laboratory. Experimental method Begins with idea or hypothesis about relationship between variables by manipulating dependent, independent and control variables. Correlational methods Without manipulating or change variables.

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES Research Methods Used a). The Naturalistic Observation Method Study on human behavior in its natural context  real-life situation Disadvantage : observer bias Overcoming disadvantage : - recording systematically - more than one researcher b). The Experimental Method Arranged condition to experiment on reaction toward stimulus The steps 1. Observe  hypothesis 2. Pick subjects : - experimental group : subject to change - control group : not subject to change 3. Independent variable Variable that is manipulated to test effect on dependent variable 4. Dependent variable Variable that is changed by manipulation of independent variable

c). The Correlation Method To correlate between 2 or more variables Example : Capacity Interest Between 100 girls and 100 boys: interest to become an advertising person

Assignment Give examples of communication messages that have psychological influences. Give examples of the psychological influences on audience (receiver)