Figure 2 Milestones in paediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) research

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Figure 2 Milestones in paediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) research Figure 2 | Milestones in paediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) research. Before the development of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) diagnostic criteria for AKI, many clinicians considered that patients died with AKI, rather than from AKI. Since the early 21st century, progress has been made in the field of paediatric AKI in terms of defining AKI, understanding the associations between AKI and various outcomes, risk stratification, initiation of multicentre studies, and expansion of diagnostics and care to neonates. AKIN, Acute Kidney Injury Network; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; pRIFLE, paediatric RIFLE; RIFLE, risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, end-stage renal disease; SCr, serum creatinine. *Classified a change in SCr threshold of 0.3 mg/dl (26.5 µmol/l) as mild AKI and included a time requirement to denote the acute changes in kidney function. ‡The Renal angina index (RAI) is used to predict children at risk of developing AKI at day 3 of stay in the intensive care unit. §NIDUS and CARPEDIEM are designed to provide haemodialysis to babies weighing <8 kg. ||The AWARE study will validate the RAI together with the implementation of biomarkers. ¶The AWAKEN study aims to develop a standardized evidence-based definition of neonatal AKI, evaluate risk factors that predispose neonates to AKI, and investigate fluid balance. Bertram, J. F. et al. (2016) Kidney disease in children: latest advances and remaining challenges Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.219