New Thinking for a New World p. 184

Why New Thinking? New Thinking and invention from the Age of Reason excited some of the upper class to produce a new, better way of life, which also increased their wealth. It also made it possible for a middle class of people to develop and enjoy that better standard of living. It became both a severe hardship to the lower class, but eventually raised their standard of living as well.

homework Begin class work:

Image, p. 185 Question: More money coming in from child labor

Standards Check, p. 185 Question: Government should not interfere in business because a free market eventually brings greater prosperity to everybody.

Thinking Critically, p. 186 Questions: 1 It appears that children at New Lanark attended classes instead of living in crowded, dirty conditions 2 Why? It addressed the problems of working-class people, for example, children got an education, to make a better future than their parents had. Why not? It depended on the generosity of the factory owners, most of whom were motivated by profits, not people’s welfare.

Standards Check, p. 187 Question: John Stuart Mill believed government should intervene to prevent harm to its citizens, such as abuse of workers.

Standards Check, p. 187 Question: Early socialists believed that….. All property and all means of production should be owned by the people as a whole.

Standards Check, p. 188 Question: The proletariat would overthrow capitalists through revolution, take control of the means of production, and create a classless society.

Standards Check, p. 188 Question Marx was wrong about international revolution, and by the 1990s, few communist countries remained.

Thinking critically, p. 189 Question 1a Rules to protect workers and consumers 1b To encourage new ideas and products

Work sheet (30 mins) Work with your class mates. You will need your own textbook (sharing not allowed)

Economics and Population Thomas Malthus: British economist concerned with population and the problems of the poor masses. He believed that…. Earth’s resources could not sustain the large population of the poor. nothing could be done to improve the poor and that government and society were wasting resources trying to help them.

Was Malthus Right? Agree Disagree Overpopulated, less developed parts of the world experience great lack of food. Famines Wars Affordability Scientific advances in his time and later increased the food supply. Today: The population of the planet is over 7 times great than that of Malthus’ time. Food supplies are enough to feed everyone: Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Use of untested genetic modification of crops and livestock Use of processed foods.

David Ricardo EC: Whom did Ricardo believe needed to be protected? was another British economist concerned about population. His idea was called the “iron law of wages”: He argued that there would always be (EC) more unskilled workers than jobs: There are not enough jobs for everyone and workers would have to compete with each other for the lowest pay. He also argued that paying more wages to poor would (EC) Increase the poor class and all its problems. Competition among workers keeps wages down. Reduce the profits of business owners. Would David Ricardo think the minimum wage in the United States was a good thing? Explain. No, he would consider it bad for businesses that need their profits to operate and develop new goods and services (and also live in the rich standards they have a right to enjoy) EC: Whom did Ricardo believe needed to be protected? The rich and their profits

Social democracy: started in Germany using some of Marx’ ideas, but not as strict. Social Democrats believed Marx’ ideas could be used to start a better capitalist society (2) people could still own property and be wealthy, through government supervision, those in need would be taken care of. Social Democrat parties are still strong in Europe today.

Communist portrayal of Capitalist Unfairness

Communist portrayal of Capitalist Unfairness How does the image show the masses being exploited by the bourgeoisie? They are struggling to support the world of the rich that they cannot share any part of. What do the soldiers represent? The forces used to protect the selfish rich from the exploited, suffering workers. What does the clergy represent? Religion controls the minds of the poor, telling them they suffer now, but will have a better after-life if they obey.

“workers of all the countries, unite!” Why were Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Japan, afraid of this Marxist quote and Marxism? (2) world revolution of the workers to End capitalism Take all private property and give it to everyone.

Communism lost its appeal to many because…..(3) Human nature is competitive, not egalitarian Many people do not want to share or be truly equal. Wages and standard of living for working class people went up fast Many workers satisfied with capitalism because they saw the standard of living improving even for the working class. Patriotic people felt Marxism was dangerous to their nation.

EC: What might democratic people worried about population do to deal with it? Liberal Conservative Develop programs to remove the bad conditions facing the poor. Fund science and technology that finds ways to increase population sustainability. Recommend birth control techniques. Rely on charity organizations to help the poor. Remind the poor that they must make a strong effort to rise out of their social problems. Help businesses make more profits in the hope that they hire more workers.

Not on worksheet. Jot down the following onto your Cornell Notes.

True or false? Explain your answer Socialism is communism False, communism is one form of socialism Much socialism allows some or all private ownership Marxism is communism. True Karl Marx started communism Communism is “scientific socialism” Karl Marx first called it “scientific socialism” Utopianism wants a perfect, supportive, sharing society Utopian owners took care of their workers’ needs and paid fair wages.

True or false? Explain your answer Utilitarianism wants the government to control all the means of production. False They want government to make laws that help the most people as long as they need it. David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus favored socialism They favored population control on the poor, low wages, no welfare that helped the poor live, and a reduction of the lower class population in general.

EC: Know your –ism Using the clues, decide which socio-economic system below is being described. Socialism Communism Laissez faire economics (capitalism) Utilitarianism

–ism #1 A steel company should be allowed to do what it takes to stay in business and keep its profits. Laissez-faire capitalism

–ism #2 The government should take over the steel company to guarantee that it is honest to the market, safe to it workers, and taking care not to endanger the environment and health of the neighboring community. Because there are no owners, all will see their lives improve together through their labor and social contributions. communism

–ism #3 A steel company should be regulated by laws to protect its workers and the environment (including the health of neighboring communities). utilitarianism

–ism #4 The government should take over the steel company to guarantee that it is honest to the market, safe to it workers, and taking care not to endanger the environment and health of the neighboring community. Perhaps privatizing (allowing private ownership) it when social conditions improve. socialism

Brief Response What did Karl Marx mean in this quotation? “In a higher phase of communist society . . . only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” —Karl Marx

British economist concerned with population. Economics Thomas Malthus: British economist concerned with population. He wrote that the poor could/should never be helped because they were increasing faster than the food supply.

Jeremy Bentham: British economist and philosopher. Proponent of utilitarianism. Believed in individual freedom, he felt freedom was vital to happiness. He felt that government should be involved in helping society periodically. His skeleton is on display in London…..

Utilitarianism: the idea that laws should provide for the “happiness” for the largest number of people (the greater good). Laws should be useful.

Socialism: believers felt that the rich had grown too fast neglected the effect on lower classes. They believed government should be used to force those with the wealth to support and care for the society’s needy and weak. End poverty End injustice Society (through the government) would own the “means of production”

Means of production: Economic goods and services that make manufacture and profit possible. The private owners controlled all the wealth for the nation EC 7 farms, factories, transportation, health banks/finance/investment, distribution (includes sales). advertising/marketing

Robert Owen: British textile owner who set up a workers’ community around his factory in Scotland. In it….. EC 4 Workers had homes or dormitories. Workers had fewer working hours. Workers bought clothes and necessities at the company store. School for workers’ children. He also supported: EC 2 Limits on child labor Allowing labor unions to organize

Karl Marx: German philosopher. Believed ideas like utilitarianism were idealistic fantasy. Worked with Friederich Engels on a new theory of government and economics, “scientific socialism”. This was the root of communism (Marxism).

Communism: resources and wealth between the The popular term for Marxist socialism….. There is a class struggle for resources and wealth between the bourgeoisie (haves) and the working class (have nots).

Proletariat: the working-class (educated factory workers).