Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop Summary of the Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop Garmt de Vries Les Houches, 2002 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop Organisers: D. Smith & A. Barrau 2 sessions planned 2 sessions added Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

To dive into the wonderful world of astrophysical catalogues! Goal of the workshop: To dive into the wonderful world of astrophysical catalogues! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 We play a little game: Imagine a 0.1 km2 detector with 3 years of data resolution ~ 1o After subtracting the atmospheric background there is one bin with 7 events: RA = 12h 34’ δ = - 56.78o What can this be? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Possible explanations Statistical fluctuations Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) SuperNova (SN) Pulsar, SuperNova Remnant (SNR) Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) SuperSymmetry (SUSY) Microquasar ............... Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 How to play the game? Look in catalogues at this place Look for coincidence with VIRGO, HETE, AUGER, ... Look at various models Which model(s) can be excluded? Which model(s) explain(s) the data best? We split up into subgroups and investigate the various hypotheses Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Let the game begin! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Statistical fluctuations (S. Cartwright et al.) It is known from previous experience that: 30 bins give a background of 3 events/year expect ~ 0.3 event/bin in 3 years Probability of finding 7 events in this bin: 3.2 10-8 Probability of finding 7 events in at least one of the 40,000 bins: 1.3 10-3  Probably not a statistical fluctuation Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 GRB (S. Ferry et al.) There are 3 GRBs close to RA = 188.5o δ = - 56.78o in the BATSE catalogue: 4B950628 RA = 180o δ = -55.88o Error box radius: l = 295.72o b = 6.27o 4.93o GRB961224 RA = 182.84o δ = -64.64o Error box radius: l = 298.66o b = -2.11o 5.4o GRB971210 RA = 176.91o δ = -51.95o Error box radius: l = 293.04o b = 9.69o 1.11o Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 GRB (continued) Possible actions: Send alert to SN people (GRB  SN?) Try to get timing information Look for γ-rays If both γ and ν observed  GRB not leptonic If no γ observed  choked GRB? (look for afterglow!)  Multi-messenger interplay is certainly possible Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 AGN (N. Girard et al.) There is no quasar near RA = 188.5o δ = - 56.78o Other types of AGN have not been looked for Anyway, hadronic models predict ~ 100 times fewer ν events  This hypothesis can be excluded Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Microquasar (S. Karkar et al.) No microquasar was seen near RA = 188.5o δ = - 56.78o  This hypothesis can be excluded Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 SUSY (S. Cartwright et al.) One could expect a SUSY signal from: Galactic centre Sun Centre of the earth None of these are close to RA = 188.5o δ = - 56.78o  Perhaps a galactic halo clump? One would also expect to see ~ 10 GeV γ-rays  Further investigation needed Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Diffuse background (A. Romeyer et al.) Yellow area: 4 detection possible  It seems to be difficult to get a good signal Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Conclusions Our cluster of 7 events is not due to statistical fluctuations To say more, we need further information: Time Energy Other messengers Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO This paper describes exactly the game we played Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO Search for pointlike sources with clustering algorithm: Look in 1.5o, 3o, 5o around each of the 1100 muon events 60 clusters of  4 events found in 3o cone RA δ # events 222.5o -72.7o 7 188.1o -48.1o 6 342.5o -74.4o 6 Compatible with atmospheric ν background Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO Search among known point sources: Make a list of 42 sources that look interesting Look in 1.5o, 3o, 5o around each of these sources Everything is compatible with atmospheric ν background Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO MACRO observed neutrinos from the direction of microquasar GX 339 – 4: “We notice that there are six events from GX 339 – 4 in a 3o search cone with chance probability P = 6  10-3. Considering that we have looked at 42 sources, the probability of finding such an excess from at least one of these sources is 8.6%.” Still, this source was interesting enough for our working group to investigate it Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Microquasars (courtesy F. Mirabel) Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4 2000 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4 10/10/95 21/02/97 06/07/98 18/11/99 01/04/01 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

to see 7 neutrinos from GX339 – 4 during and after its active period? The big question: How surprising is it to see 7 neutrinos from GX339 – 4 during and after its active period? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from microquasars Presentation by D. Guetta: Predictions of neutrino fluxes from microquasars GX339 – 4 is one of the most powerful neutrino sources among microquasars: ~ 200 upward going muon events per year in 1 km3 However: This prediction is based on the assumption that GX339 – 4 is persistent. The active state has not been taken into account. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from microquasars There is no a priori connection between soft X-ray activity and neutrino emission Correlation between dip in ~ 50 keV photons and neutrino emission could be understood: Source optically thick for these γ  more γ present that can serve as a target for ν production But the connection is not very clear... Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Statistics What is the probability of seeing these 7 neutrinos from the direction of GX339 – 4 ? Seeing 7 neutrinos during 7 years 3  10-3 Seeing 3 neutrinos during the 450 days active period 4  10-3 Seeing 3 neutrinos clustered in a 30 day period during 7 years 1  10-4  Chance probability ~ few  10-3 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Statistics We need the probability of finding 7 events from at least one of the sources considered: Looking only at GX339 – 4 and SS433, for which a high neutrino flux is predicted: P  6  10-3 Looking at all 42 sources on the MACRO list: P  8.6  10-2 Looking only at the microquasars on the list: P  1  10-2 But how valid is all this? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Other signals? Super-K sees nothing AMANDA GX339 – 4 is above AMANDA’s horizon terrestrial gamma flashes? ?? BATSE GX339 – 4 is visible for 19.6 hrs/day ?? ANTARES Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from other microquasars? A high flux is also predicted for microquasar SS433 (835 events year-1 km3) MACRO sees no neutrinos from this sources No active periods! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Microquasars emit neutrinos Microquasars emit neutrinos Neutrinos from other microquasars? ☺ ☺ ☺ A very bold assumption: Microquasars emit neutrinos during their active state Microquasars emit neutrinos during their active state One would have to look at all the microquasars in MACRO’s field of view, and search for a correlation. Two things may happen... Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 Further ideas: .................................... Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 To be continued... Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002