Daily CSI Spot the Differences Dinner Time

Find the 6 differences between the two pictures. Source: http://www.slylockfox.com/arcade/6diff/index.html

The answers are … Answers: Fish gill, tree stump, cat’s foot, dog’s mouth, bird’s beak, dog’s ear Source: http://www.slylockfox.com/arcade/6diff/index.html

Chapter 10 Blood “Out damned spot! Out, I say Here’s the smell of the blood still, All the perfumed of Arabia will not Sweeten this little hand. Oh, Oh, Oh!” —William Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth, in Macbeth

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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Blood and Blood Typing Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Serology Serology is the examination and analysis of body fluids. A forensic serologist may analyze a variety of body fluids including saliva, semen, urine, and blood. From 1950 to the late 1980’s, forensic serology was a most important part of lab procedures. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Serology With the development of DNA techniques, more time, money, and significance was placed in developing DNA labs. However, with limited funds and the time required for DNA testing, most labs still use many of the basic serology testing procedures. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Approximately one-twelfth of our body is blood, which is basically made up of cells suspended in a liquid.

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Plasma Plasma is composed of: 90 percent water 10% metabolites and waste, salts, and ions (mostly Na+ and Cl-, HCO3-, and proteins). It is the straw colored watery component of blood. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Blood Characteristics Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood (55%) Cells (45%) Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They are responsible for oxygen distribution. Leukocytes are the white blood cells; they are responsible for “cleaning” the system of foreign invaders. Thrombocytes or platelets are responsible for blood clotting Serum is the liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen to our cells Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Leukocyte – White Blood Cell Our defense against disease Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Thrombocyte - Platelet Aid in the clotting of blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 5 Liters of Blood About 8% by weight of the average human body is blood. This corresponds to about 5 L in the average person. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Functions of the Blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

1 1. It is the main transportation system. A. It carries oxygen from the lungs to all cells and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It transports various chemical messengers released by the body. It transports nutrients and waste material. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2. Circulation The circulation of blood helps maintain the body’s temperature. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

3. Maintains the body’s pH The blood also maintains the body’s pH at about 7.4 by using carbon dioxide to buffer the system. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

4. Transports toxins to kidneys The blood transports toxins to the kidneys where enzymes break them down into chemicals, which are excreted from the body in urine or sweat. The kidneys filter the entire volume of blood about 1.5 times per hour. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

5. Controls the balance of electrolytes The blood helps control the balance of the body’s electrolytes, such as salt. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Blood Typing

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company DOGS Currently, eight to twelve or more canine blood groups are recognized, depending on which studies one consults. In all cases, these various blood groups are organized and categorized under the DEA system. The acronym DEA stands for Dog Erythrocyte Antigen. The most common blood types for dogs are: DEA 1.1, DEA 2, DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5, DEA 6, DEA 7, and DEA 8. Dogs can have several blood types at the same time. Unlike humans and cats who only have one blood type, dogs can have several blood types existing in the blood stream at the same time. For example, a dog can have DEA 1.2, DEA 7, and DEA 4 blood types! 2. CATS Cats are either Type A, Type B or occasionally, Type AB. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Historical Perspective of Blood Typing Around 1900 an Austrian biologist Karl Landsteiner recognized that all human blood was not the same. He discovered that there are four different types of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells. He worked out the ABO classifications system to describe the differences. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Blood Typing Blood is tested for type, or “typed,” by mixing a drop of the blood to be typed with a drop of serum containing known antibodies. Whether there is agglutination determines the blood type on the ABO system. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

This was important because so many blood transfusions had resulted in immediate death of the patient for no apparent reason.

The result can be fatal! This is why ABO typing is necessary before undergoing a blood transfusion.

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company ABO System For the ABO system, there are two types of antigens, A and B. Type A blood cells have A antigens Type B blood cells have B antigens. Type AB have both A and B antigens Type ) blood cells have neither antigen. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Antigens On the surface of each red blood cell, millions of characteristic chemical structures called antigens can be found. These proteins are responsible for the different blood types. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Antigens Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Antibodies Some white blood cells manufacture proteins called antibodies, which are found in the serum. These antibodies are produced to attack invaders that enter the bloodstream, that is, antigens that do not belong in your system (such as snake venom, bacteria, or someone else’s blood). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Type A Blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Type B Blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Type AB Blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Type O Blood Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company ABO Blood Types Blood Type Antigens on RBC Antibodies in Serum A B AB A and B None O Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Blood Groups Can Give Blood To Can Get Blood From Type Antigen Antibody A A B A, AB O, A B, AB O , B B B A Neither A nor B AB + A and B AB A, B, O, AB Neither A nor B O - A and B A, B, O, AB O Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Phenotype and Genotype Protein on RBC (antigen) Antibodies in blood plasma Type A IAIA or IAi A b Type B IBIB or IBi B a Type AB IAIB A and B --- Type O Ii a and b Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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Population Distribution of Blood Types in the U.S. Percent O 45 A 40 B 11 AB 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company The Rh Factor It is sometimes referred to as the D antigen. People who have it are called Rh positive (Rh+) People without are called Rh negative (Rh-) Approximately 85% of the population is Rh+ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Rh Positive and Negative Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

94% of Black Americans and 85% of Caucasians, 94% of Black Americans and 99% of all Asians are Rh positive.

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company For example What is the probability of a person having type B+ blood? 11 (% with B) X 85 (% with Rh+) = 935 100 100 10,000 About 1 out of 10,000 people. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Secretors Additionally, about 80 percent of the population are secretors; that is: Their blood type antigens are found in body fluids other than just blood. They are found in saliva, tear, semen, etc. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Agglutination Animation http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/readmore.html Blood Typing and Wayne's World Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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End of Blood Typing